Sigelm Family
Eadgifu
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A portrait of Eadgifu, now in Canterbury
cathedral, by an unknown artist, probably from the 15th century.
The panel, painted in oils, is 42" high and 27" wide. At the foot
of the picture is a scroll with the following inscription:—
Edyve the good queene and noble mother,
To Ethelstan, Edmund, and Eldred,
Kinges of England each after other;
To Christs church of Canterbury did give
indeed,
Monketon and Thorndenne the monks there to feed,
Mepham, Cleeve, Cowling, Osterland,
East farleugh and Lenham as we beleeve
The year Domio MLXI of Christs incarnation.
|
Sigelm
Edward
the Elder
Eadgifu was bequeathed lands in the will of her son, king Eadred, who died
in 955.
Liber monasterii de Hyda pp155-7 (ed.
Edward Edwards, 1866)
Testamentum
Edredi Regis, in lingua, Anglica.
In nomine Domini. Thys is kyng Edredys Testament, that ys
to sey, Fyrst he gyvyth yn to the place where hym plesyth hys body for
to reste, aftyr hys day, to croysys of goold, wyth the ymagys of goold;
and to swerdys, the hyltys of goold; and fower hunderyd punde.
… Also y gyve to my modyr, the londys at Ambresbyry, and at Wantynghe,
and at Basyng, and al my frelond that j on Suthsexe have, and on
Sutherey, and yn Kent, and all that I there inne have.
Dictionary of national biography vol 17 p5
(ed. Leslie Stephen, 1889)
Eadward’s
second wife (or third, if Ecgwyn is reckoned) was Eadgifu, by whom he
had Eadmund and Eadred, who both came to the throne, and two daughters,
Eadburh or Edburga, a nun at Winchester, of whose precocious piety
William of Malmesbury tells a story (Gesta Regum, ii. 217), and
Eadgifu, married to Lewis, king of Arles or Provence.
Archæologia Cantiana vol 36 pp8-14 (1923)
THE
PICTURE OE QUEEN EDIVA IN CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.
BY C. EVELEIGH WOODRUFF, M.A.
Ediva, whose name (spelt also Eadgifu) means “blessed gift,” was
the only child of one Sigelm, ealdorman of the county of Kent, and the
owner of lands in the Hundred of Hoo. The date of her birth is not
known, but it must have been before A.D. 902, in which
year her father settled on her all his lands. The circumstances were
these: Sigelm in the year mentioned above received orders from King
Edward to summon the Kentish fyrd, and as heretoga, or
commander-in-chief of the county militia, to lead them against the
Danes, who were ravaging the Midlands. Sigelm was an old campaigner. He
had seen military service in the days of King Alfred, who calls him “his
faithful chieftain” (meus fidelis dux), but on this occasion he
seems to have had premonition that he might not return from the field of
battle, and so, before setting out, he prepared for that eventuality by
putting his worldly affairs in order, making his daughter heir to all
his estate.
The event justified his forethought. Sigelm did not come back
from the campaign: he was slain in battle at Holme in East Anglia. What
happened will be described best by quoting the account given in the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle: “This year Ethelwald enticed the army in East Anglia to
rebellion, so that they overran all the land of Mercia . . . . King
Edward went after them as soon as he could gather his army, and overran
all their land between the Fosse and the Ouse quite to the fens
northward. Then, being desirous of returning thence, he issued an order
through the whole army that they should all go out at once. But the
Kentish men remained behind, contrary to his order, though he sent seven
messengers to them. Whereupon the army surrounded them and there they
fought. There fell ealdormen Siwulf and Sigelm, Eadwold the King’s
thane, Abbot Kenwulf, Sigebriht the son of Siwulf, Eadwald son of Acca,
and many also with them . . . . On the Danish side were slain Eric,
their King, and prince Ethelwald, who had enticed him to the war . . . .
and there was great carnage on both sides, but of the Danes there were
more slain, though they remained masters of the field.”*
It was probably a good many years after her father’s* death that
Ediva became the wife of King Edward, but the date of the marriage is
not recorded.Ӡ
… By Ediva King Edward had two sons and two daughters. Edmund, the elder
son, succeeded to the throne on the death of his half-brother Athelstan,
A.D. 940, and six years later was assassinated in his own
court. His brother Eadred succeeded him and reigned nine years, but
succumbed at an early age to an incurable disease from which he had
suffered all his life. By his will Eadred left to his mother his lands
at Amesbury, Wantage and Basing, and all his freehold lands in Kent,
Surrey and Sussex.*
Of the daughters, Eadburga took the veil and died as a nun at
Winchester. William of Malmesbury has a pretty story illustrative of the
precocity of her religious instincts. He relates that when the child was
scarcely three years old and still upon her nurse’s lap, her father, to
test her piety, offered her a book of the Gospels and a chalice and also
a bracelet and necklace, whereupon she at once stretched out her hands
for the chalice and book.† Elgiva, the younger daughter, whose beauty
the same William extols, became the wife of Lewis, Prince of Aquitaine.
King Edward died A.D. 925, but Queen Ediva survived him
for upwards of 40 years. During her long widowhood she had many
bereavements and some vicissitudes of fortune. Thus, in the short and
unhappy reign of Edwy she fell into unmerited disgrace and was despoiled
of all her possessions, but she outlived her undutiful grandson, and his
brother, King Edgar, not only restored to the aged Queen Mother, or
rather grandmother, her forfeited lands, but in addition gave her a
grant of land at Meon in the county of Southampton.‡
The Chronicler of Hyde Abbey speaks very highly of her influence
and character. “She was,” he says, “the Mother of the whole English
nation, the founder and fosterer of churches, the consoler and sustainer
of the needy and oppressed.Ӥ To the Convent of Abingdon she was a great
benefactress, and, conjointly with her son King Eadred, to the nunnery
of Ely.||
It was in the third year of the reign of King Eadgar, and with
his consent, that Queen Ediva made to the Monks of Christ Church her
noble gift. Solemnly with her own hand she placed on the high altar of
the Cathedral Church the title deeds (libros) of eight Kentish
manors, and, to obviate in the future any dispute as to her right to
convey them, she caused a document to be drawn up which might serve as a
record of her title to the said lands. This document has been preserved,
and it contains so much that is of interest that I venture to give here
a full translation of its contents*:—
In the year of the Lord’s incarnation DCCCCLXI I,
Edgyua, queen, and mother of Kings Eadmund and Eadred, for the health of
my soul grant to the church of Christ in Canterbury (Dorobernia)
and to the monks serving God there, these lands, Meopeham, Culinges,
Leanham, Pekkham, Fernlege, Munceetum, Ealdintun, free from the burden
of all secular services except the three for the building of bridges,
and fortifications and for military service. Now I have thought it worth
while to make known to all men how I came by these lands, and especially
to Odo the Archpriest, primate of all Britain, and to the family of
Christ, that is to say, the monks in the city of Canterbury.
It happened at one time that my father Sigelm having need of
thirty pounds, borrowed this sum of a certain nobleman (principe)
named Goda, and gave him, as security, the land which is called
Culinges. And Goda kept the land for seven years, and in the seventh
year, when, throughout all Kent, preparation was being made for a
military expedition, on which my father Sigelm had to go, he, as he was
getting ready, remembered the thirty pounds which he owed to Goda, and
at once repaid the money. Moreover, because he had neither son nor
daughter but me only, he made me the heir of that land, and of all his
lands, and gave me the title deeds (libros).
Then it fell out that my father was killed in battle. But when
Goda heard that he was dead, he denied that the thirty pounds had been
repaid, and for nearly six years he kept the land which he had received
as security from my father.
But in the sixth year a certain neighbour of mine, named Brice
Dyring, began to speak openly and urgently to the nobles and to the
chief men and the wise men of the kingdom concerning the injury done to
his neighbour by the said Goda. Now the nobles and the wise men were out
for justice (pro justicia invenerunt), and they decided that it
would be right and fair that I, his daughter and heir, should purge my
father, that is to say, by making oath that my father had repaid the
same thirty pounds. And this I did before the whole realm at Agelesford
(Aylesford). But not even then was I able to get possession of my land,
until my friends approached King Edward, and made requisition to him
concerning the same land. And he, that is to say the King, took over the
aforesaid land and suspended Goda from every honour that he held of the
King, and so he freed the land. Not long afterwards it happened that the
same Goda was impleaded in the King’s court and being found guilty was
sentenced to forfeit every honour he held of the King, and his life was
declared to be at the King’s mercy. But the King handed him over to me,
together with the title deeds of all his lands, to deal with him
according to his deserts. I, however, having the fear of God in my heart
did not dare to render to him as his conduct against me deserved, and so
I gave him back all his lands except two ploughlands at Osterland, but
the title deeds of the lands I did not return to him, for I wished to
prove what faith he would keep with me in return for the kindness I had
shown to him in spite of all the injury he had done to me.
Now when my lord King Edward died, his son Athelstan succeeded to
the throne, and the same Goda petitioned the King to ask me on his
behalf on what terms I would restore to him the title deeds of his
lands. And I willingly, for the love I had for King Athelstan, handed
over to him the title deeds of all his lands, except those relating to
Osterland, which he, humbly and with good will, gave up. Moreover, on
behalf of himself and all his relations, born and unborn, he and eleven
of his compeers made oath that no complaint should be made concerning
the aforesaid land. Now this was done at a place called Hamme near
Laewes. And I, Edgyua, held the land with the title deeds of Osterlande
in the days of the two Kings Athelstan and Eadmund my sons (sic).
But after the death of my son King Eadred, I was despoiled of all
my lands and goods. For the two sons of the often named Goda, Leofstan
and Leofric, took from me the two above named lands, viz., Culinges and
Osterlande. And they came to the boy Eadwin, who then had recently been
made king, and told him that he had a better right to those lands than
I. Therefore I remained deprived of those lands and everything else
until the time of King Eadgar, who, on hearing that I had been so badly
treated, and despoiled, assembled the nobles and wisemen of England, for
he understood that I had been despoiled of my goods and lands with great
injustice. The same King Eadgar restored to me all my lands and
possessions. Now I with his leave and consent, and in the sight of (testimonio)
all his bishops and best men, have placed with my own hand upon the
altar of Christ which is in Canterbury (Dorobernia) the title
deeds of all my lands. If any man shall attempt to take away this my
gift from the right of the aforesaid church, may Almighty God take from
him His Kingdom.*
Queen Ediva lived for several years after she made the above gift. She
was certainly living in 966, for in that year she witnessed a charter of
King Eadgar.
It is pleasant to record that in old age she could call herself
“Ediva the happy one,” since in several charters she signs Ediva
felix or Ediva evax, thus testifying that she possessed a
cheerful and happy temperament, which the trials of life—and she had
many—could not disturb. The year of her death is unrecorded, but the
day, according to one of the Christ Church obituaries, was the VIII
Kal: Septembris, that is to say, August 25th. More than three
hundred years after she must have passed away there still remained in
the vestry of Christ Church two copes, which are described as the gift
of Queen Ediva* in an inventory made when Henry of Eastry was prior.
One may venture to hope that the more prominent position given to
her picture, and, possibly, the publication of this little memoir, may
do something to revive the memory of the Good Queen Ediva.
I desire to convey to my friend the Rev. Canon T. G. Gardiner my
sincere thanks for the photograph from which the frontispiece to this
article is taken. Canon Gardiner has also caused an enlargement equal in
size to the original painting to be made, and this now hangs in the
library in the place formerly occupied by the ancient picture. The
photograph is from the studio of Mr. Charlton of Mercery Lane,
Canterbury.
* Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 676.
* A.S.
Chr., Ingram’s Ed., p. 126. Ingram gives the date of the battle of
Holme as A.D. 905, but Dr. Plummer, in his critical
edition of the Chronicle, gives good reasons for placing it
three years earlier, viz., A.D. 902.
† Since Edmund, the eldest child of the marriage, was in his
twenty-fifth year at the time of his death, which occurred A.D.
946, the marriage of his mother was probably about 920.
* Liber De Hyda, R.S., ii., 157.
† Gesta Regum, R.S., i., 218.
‡ Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 1319.
§ Liber De Hyda, R.S., ii., 188.
|| Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 1346.
* Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 1065.
* Here follows a confirmation of the above by Æthelred II., A.D.
978—1016.
* A.D. 1321. Due cape Edive Regine de rubeo
samicto brudato. (Inventories of Christ Church, Cant., Legg
and Hope, p. 53.)
The Henry
Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England
Eadgifu
Wife of Eadweard the Elder, king of the West Saxons (Wessex).
Eadgifu appears in a charter of her son Eadmund in 940 ["Ego
Eadmundus rex Anglorum ... Ego Eadgifu ejusdem regis mater ..."
Cart. Sax. 2: 492 (#763)]. In 943, Eadmund granted to his mother (not
named) land at North Minster, Isle of Thanet, co. Kent [ibid. 2: 525-6
(#784)]. Eadgifu appears signing charters of her son Eadred in 947 ["Ego
Eadredus rex Anglorum ... Ego Eadgifu ejusdem regis mater ..."
ibid. 2: 585 (#820)] and 955 ["Ego Eadgiuu ejusdem regis genitrix"
ibid. 3: 69 (#906), spurious], her grandson Eadwig on 17 May 959 ["Ego
Eadwig Britannie Anglorum monarchus ... Ego Eadgiuu ejusdem regis Ava
..." ibid. 3: 255 (#1046)], and her grandson Eadgar in 959 ["Ego
Eadgar Britannie Anglorum monarchus ... Ego Eadgiuu ejusdem regis ava
..." ibid. 3: 259 (#1047)] and 966 ["Ego Eadgifu predicti regis
ava" ibid. 3: 464 (#1190)]. She appears as "Ædgiva Efax"
with her son Eadred in a charter of 956 [ibid., 3: 687 (#1346)].
For many years, Eadgifu had been involved in a dispute with a
certain Goda and his sons, and that dispute is decribed in a charter of
961 or not long before, which shows that Eadgifu was a daughter of the
ealdorman Sigehelm who perished in the Battle of Holme in 902×4 ["þa
gelamp emb þa tid þæt man beonn ealle Cantware to wigge . to Holme .
þa nold Sigelm hire fæder to wigge faron mid nanes mannes scette
unagifnum . & agef þa Godan .XXX. punda . & becwaeþ Eadgife
his dehter land & bóc sealde. Þa he on wigge afeallen wæs þa æt
soc Goda þæs feos ægiftes . & þæs landes wyrnde . oð þæs on syxtan
geare." (Translation: "Then about that time it happened that
all the Kentish men were summoned to war at Holme. Then Sigelm would
not go to war with any man's money unpaid, and then paid Goda the 30
pounds, and bequeathed the land and gave the charter to his daughter
Eadgifu. When he had fallen in the war, Goda denied the payment of the
money, and refused the land, until the sixth year after.") ibid.,
3: 284-5 (#1064), also in Thorpe (1865), 201-4, with English
translation]. In a charter dated 961, Eadgifu donated these lands and
others to Christ Church, Canterbury ["[A]nno dominice incarnationis
.DCCCCLXI. Ego Edgyua regina & mater . Eadmundi . & Eadredi .
regum . pro salute anime . mee . concedo ecclesie Christi in
Dorobernia . monachis ibidem Deo servientibus has terras . Meapeham .
Culinges . Leanham . Pettham . Fernlege . Munccetun . Ealdintun ...
patrem meum Sigelmum ..." Cart. Sax. 3: 285-7 (#1065), with a
description in Latin of the dispute recorded in #1064].
Bibliography
Cart. Sax. = Walter de Gray Birch, ed., Cartularium Saxonicum,
4 vols. (1885-99).
Searle (1899) = William George Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops,
Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
Thorpe (1865) = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Diplomatarium Anglicum
Ævi Saxonici (London, 1865).
25 August, although the year is
unknown
Canterbury Cathedral, Kent
Archæologia Cantiana vol 36 pp2-3 (1923)
… it was on the
north side of St. Martin’s altar that Queen Ediva’s relics were
deposited after the rebuilding of the eastern portion of the church in
the last quarter of the twelfth century. Before the great fire of 1174,
the relics of Queen Ediva reposed under a gilded shrine nearly in the
middle of the southern transept. After that catastrophe they were
deposited, temporarily, under the altar of the Holy Cross in the nave,
but when the rebuilding of the choir was finished they were placed under
the shrine of Archbishop Living on the north side of St. Martin’s
altar.* And indeed to this day the words Edivy Regina, scratched
by a mediæval hand upon the ashlar of the north wall of the Chapel, may
still be read.
* Gervase, Opera Historica, R. S., I., 22, 23
Sigelm
Ealdorman
of Kent
The Anglo-Saxon chronicle p65 (ed. John
Allen Giles, 1906)
A. 902.
And that same year was the battle at the Holme, between the Kentish-men
and the Danish-men.
…
A. 905. This year Ethelwald enticed the army in East-Anglia to
break the peace, so that they ravaged over all the land of Mercia until
they came to Cricklade, and there they went over the Thames, and took,
as well in Bradon as thereabout, all that they could lay hands on, and
then turned homewards again. Then king Edward went after them, as
speedily as he could gather his forces, and overran all their land
between the dikes and the Ouse, all as far north as the fens. When,
after this, he would return thence, then commanded he it to be
proclaimed through his whole force, that they should all return
together. Then the Kentish-men remained there behind, notwithstanding
his orders, and seven messengers whom he had sent to them. Then the army
there came up to them, and there fought them: and there Siwulf the
ealdorman, and Sigelm the ealdorman, and Eadwold the king’s thane, and
Kenwulf the abbat, and Sigebright son of Siwulf, and Eadwold son of
Acca, were slain, and likewise many with them, though I have named the
most distinguished. And on the Danish side were slain Eohric their king,
and Ethelwald the etheling, who had enticed him to break the peace, and
Byrtsige son of Brithnoth the etheling, and Ysopk the ‘hold’
[governor?], and Oskytel the hold, and very many with them, whom we are
now unable to name. And there was great slaughter made on either hand;
and of the Danish-men there were more slain, though they had possession
of the place of carnage.
Archæologia Cantiana vol 36 pp8-14 (1923)
THE
PICTURE OE QUEEN EDIVA IN CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.
BY C. EVELEIGH WOODRUFF, M.A.
Ediva, whose name (spelt also Eadgifu) means “blessed gift,” was
the only child of one Sigelm, ealdorman of the county of Kent, and the
owner of lands in the Hundred of Hoo. The date of her birth is not
known, but it must have been before A.D. 902, in which
year her father settled on her all his lands. The circumstances were
these: Sigelm in the year mentioned above received orders from King
Edward to summon the Kentish fyrd, and as heretoga, or
commander-in-chief of the county militia, to lead them against the
Danes, who were ravaging the Midlands. Sigelm was an old campaigner. He
had seen military service in the days of King Alfred, who calls him “his
faithful chieftain” (meus fidelis dux), but on this occasion he
seems to have had premonition that he might not return from the field of
battle, and so, before setting out, he prepared for that eventuality by
putting his worldly affairs in order, making his daughter heir to all
his estate.
The event justified his forethought. Sigelm did not come back
from the campaign: he was slain in battle at Holme in East Anglia. What
happened will be described best by quoting the account given in the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle: “This year Ethelwald enticed the army in East Anglia to
rebellion, so that they overran all the land of Mercia . . . . King
Edward went after them as soon as he could gather his army, and overran
all their land between the Fosse and the Ouse quite to the fens
northward. Then, being desirous of returning thence, he issued an order
through the whole army that they should all go out at once. But the
Kentish men remained behind, contrary to his order, though he sent seven
messengers to them. Whereupon the army surrounded them and there they
fought. There fell ealdormen Siwulf and Sigelm, Eadwold the King’s
thane, Abbot Kenwulf, Sigebriht the son of Siwulf, Eadwald son of Acca,
and many also with them . . . . On the Danish side were slain Eric,
their King, and prince Ethelwald, who had enticed him to the war . . . .
and there was great carnage on both sides, but of the Danes there were
more slain, though they remained masters of the field.”*
It was probably a good many years after her father’s* death that
Ediva became the wife of King Edward, but the date of the marriage is
not recorded.”
It was in the third year of the reign of King Eadgar, and with
his consent, that Queen Ediva made to the Monks of Christ Church her
noble gift. Solemnly with her own hand she placed on the high altar of
the Cathedral Church the title deeds (libros) of eight Kentish
manors, and, to obviate in the future any dispute as to her right to
convey them, she caused a document to be drawn up which might serve as a
record of her title to the said lands. This document has been preserved,
and it contains so much that is of interest that I venture to give here
a full translation of its contents*:—
In the year of the Lord’s incarnation DCCCCLXI I,
Edgyua, queen, and mother of Kings Eadmund and Eadred, for the health of
my soul grant to the church of Christ in Canterbury (Dorobernia)
and to the monks serving God there, these lands, Meopeham, Culinges,
Leanham, Pekkham, Fernlege, Munceetum, Ealdintun, free from the burden
of all secular services except the three for the building of bridges,
and fortifications and for military service. Now I have thought it worth
while to make known to all men how I came by these lands, and especially
to Odo the Archpriest, primate of all Britain, and to the family of
Christ, that is to say, the monks in the city of Canterbury.
It happened at one time that my father Sigelm having need of
thirty pounds, borrowed this sum of a certain nobleman (principe)
named Goda, and gave him, as security, the land which is called
Culinges. And Goda kept the land for seven years, and in the seventh
year, when, throughout all Kent, preparation was being made for a
military expedition, on which my father Sigelm had to go, he, as he was
getting ready, remembered the thirty pounds which he owed to Goda, and
at once repaid the money. Moreover, because he had neither son nor
daughter but me only, he made me the heir of that land, and of all his
lands, and gave me the title deeds (libros).
Then it fell out that my father was killed in battle. But when
Goda heard that he was dead, he denied that the thirty pounds had been
repaid, and for nearly six years he kept the land which he had received
as security from my father.
* Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 676.
* A.S.
Chr., Ingram’s Ed., p. 126. Ingram gives the date of the battle of
Holme as A.D. 905, but Dr. Plummer, in his critical
edition of the Chronicle, gives good reasons for placing it
three years earlier, viz., A.D. 902.
* Birch, Cart. Sax., No. 1065.
The Henry
Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England
Sigehelm
Ealdorman of Kent, d. 902×4.
Sigehelm appears as minister of the king in an 875
charter involving land in Kent ["Ego Sighelm . minister . regis"
Cart. Sax. 2: 159 (#539)]. He appears as dux in an 889 charter
also involving land in Kent ["Ego Sigehelm dux" ibid., 2: 202
(#562)]. In 898, king Ælfred granted him land in Fearnleag (Farleigh),
co. Kent ["In nomine domine ego Ælfrædus gratia Dei Saxonum rex. meo
fideli duce Sigilmo concedo in perpetuam possessionem terram juris mei
uniusque manentis in loco qui dicitur Fearnleag ..." ibid., 2: 219
(#576)]. This land was later held by his daughter Eadgifu [Cart. Sax. 3:
285-7 (#1065)]. While we have no direct proof that all of these records
involve the same person, it is very likely that they do, because
Sigehelm was not a very common name, and the records can all be
localized in Kent. He may have been the Sigehelm who took the alms of
Ælfred to Rome and "India" in 882 [ASC(E) s.a. 883].
Sigehelm was killed at the battle at the Holme, with sources
disagreeing about the year ["... & þær wearð Sigulf ealdormon
ofslægen, & Sigelm ealdorman, ... & Sigebreht Sigulfes sunu,
..." ASC(A) s.a. 905 (orig. 904); "& þy ilcan gere wæs þ
gefeoht æt þam Holme Cantwara & þara Deniscra." ASC(C) s.a. 902
(Mercian Register)]. Angus argued that the battle was fought between 24
September and 25 December 902, and perhaps on 12 December 902, but the
argument is not conclusive [Angus (1938), 204-6]. A 961 deed of his
daughter shows clearly that the Sigehelm who died at the Battle of Holme
was the same person as Sigehelm, father of queen Eadgifu [Cart. Sax. 3:
284-7 (#1064-5);
Bibliography
Angus (1938) = W. S. Angus, "The Chronology of the Reign of
Edward the Elder", English Historical Review 53 (1938): 194-210.
ASC = Charles Plummer, Two of the Saxon Chronicles parallel,
based on the earlier edition by John Earle, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1892-9).
ASC(A) indicates the "A" manuscript of the chronicle, and similarly for
the other manuscripts.
Cart. Sax. = Walter de Gray Birch, ed., Cartularium Saxonicum,
4 vols. (1885-99).
Searle (1899) = William George Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops,
Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
Thorpe (1865) = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Diplomatarium Anglicum
Ævi Saxonici (London, 1865).
December 902, slain during the Battle
of the Holme in East Anglia
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