Carolingian Dynasty

Adelaide

Married: Louis II "the Stammerer"

Reginonis Chronicon in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 1 p590 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1826)
[878] Paucis interiectis diebus, Hludowicus rex, filius Caroli, qui Balbus appellabatur, eo quod impeditioris et tradioris esset eloquii, ab hac luce subtractus est. Fuit vero iste princeps vir simplex ac mitis, pacis, iustitiae et religionis amator. Habuit autem, cum adhuc iuvenilis aetatis flore polleret, quandam nobilem puellam nomine Ansgard sibi coniugii foedere copulatam, ex qua duos liberos suscepit elegantis formae ac ingentis animi virtute praestantes: horum unus Hludowicus, alter Carlomannus vocabatur. Sed quia hanc sine genitoris conscientia et voluntatis consensu suis amplexibus sociaverat, ab ipso patre ei postmodum est interdicta, et interposito iurisiurandi sacramento, ab eius consortio in perpetuum separata. Tradita est autem eidem ab eodem patre Adalheidis in matrimonium, quam gravidam ex se reliquit idem rex cum obiret; quae tempore pariendi expleto, enixa est puerum, cui nomen avi imposuit, eumque Carolum vocitari fecit.
This roughly translates as:
[878] A few days later, King Louis, the son of Charles, who was called the Babbler, because he was more difficult and more eloquent, was taken from this world. This prince was a simple man and a lover of peace, justice and religion. He had, while still in the prime of his youth, a certain noble girl named Ansgard, who was united to him by a marriage contract, by whom he had two children, distinguished by their elegant form and great strength of mind: one of whom was called Louis, the other Carloman. But because he had associated her with his embraces without the knowledge and consent of his parents, she was afterwards forbidden by her father, and, having sworn an oath, was separated from his company forever. She was given to him by the same father in marriage to Adelheid, whom the same king left pregnant by him when he died; and when the time of childbirth was over, she gave birth to a boy, to whom he gave the name of his grandfather, and had him called Charles.

Children:
Notes:
Adelaide's marriage to Louis was not recognised by the church, which did not accept her husband's separation from his first wife.  The Pope refused to crown Adelais with her husband at Troyes in 878, considering that she was not his legitimate wife and her children were considered illegitimate by the church. Nonetheless, her son, Charles, did become king of West Francia.

Adelaide "our beloved mother" is mentioned in a charter of her son, Charles "the Simple" dated 9 November 901, indicating that she was still living at that date (Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France vol 9 p494 (1757)).

Sources:

Adelaide

Married: Charles de Lorraine

Children:
Notes:
When Charles was imprisoned in Orleans by Hugh Capet in 991, Adelaide and three of their children were imprisoned with him.
Richeri Historiarum Liber IV in Richer: Histoire de son temps p214 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
Karolum ergo cum uxore Adelaide et filio Ludovico, et filiabus duabus, quarum altera Gerberga, altera Adelaidis dicebatur, necnon et Arnulfo nepote carceri dedit.  
This roughly translates as:
Therefore he imprisoned Charles with his wife Adelaide and his son Louis, and his two daughters, one of whom was called Gerberga, the other Adelaide, as well as his nephew Arnulf.

Adelaide and her daughters were released after Charle's death in custody.
Les derniers Carolingiens p282 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
Nous pensons qu’après la mort de Charles, arrivée à Orléans peu après 992, Hugues Capet relâcha sa femme et ses filles, laissa à Orléans Arnoul (le fait est certain), et donna Louis en garde â lévêque de Laon
This roughly translates as:
We believe that after the death of Charles, who arrived in Orléans shortly after 992, Hugh Capet released his wife and daughters, left Arnoul in Orléans (the fact is certain), and gave Louis into the care of the Bishop of Laon.

The identity of Adelaide's father is debated by historians. According to Historia Francorum Senonensis, Charles was married to a daughter of count Heribert of Troyes
Historia Francorum Senonensis in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 9 pp367-8 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1851)
  Anno 982
... Cui successit Karolus, frater eius, filius Hlotharii regis. Eodem anno rebellavit contra Karolum Hugo dux Francorum, eo quod accepisset Karolus filiam Herberti comitis Trecarum.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 982
... He was succeeded by his brother Charles, son of king Lothair. In the same year Hugh, duke of the Franks, rebelled against Charles, because Charles had taken the daughter of Herbert, count of Troyes.

However, it has been pointed out that no chronologically suitable count of Troyes has been found, leading some to suggest that Historia Francorum Senonensis is in error and Adelaide's father was actually Robert, count of Troyes. Furthermore, Richer, when discussing Charles's claim to the French throne on the death of Lothair, writes:
Richeri Historiarum Liber IV in Richer: Histoire de son temps p156 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
Sed quid dignum Karolo conferri potest, quem fides non regit, torpor enervat , postremo qui tanta capitis imminutione hebuit, ut externo regi servire non horruerit, et uxorem de militari ordine sibi imparem duxerit?  
This roughly translates as:
But what worthy thing can be attributed to Charles, who is not governed by faith, is weakened by torpor, and finally, who had such a low level of intelligence that he did not shudder to serve a foreign king, and married a wife unequal to him in military rank?

Some historians point out that the daughter of the count of Troyes would not likely be described as being so unequal to Charles in rank, and so they have hypothesized that Charles was married twice, firstly to the daughter of the count of Troyes and secondly to Adelaide. See Les derniers Carolingiens pp209n-210n (Ferdinand Lot, 1891), Medieval Lands (ADELAIS de Troyes) and The Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England (Gerberga) for further discussion of this topic.

Sources:

Charles Martel

Charles Martel
 This statue of Charles Martel, by JB Debay Père, at the Palace of Versailles is clearly inspired by the effigy on his tomb
photo by Arnaud 25 posted on wikipedia
Father: Pepin II

Mother: Alpaida

Married (1st): Rotrude

Children:
Married (2nd): Suanachildis

Suanachildis was the niece of Odilo, the duke of Bavaria. After the death of her husband, she incited her son to rebel against her stepsons. She was defeated and sent to Chelles Abbey in Seine-et-Marne, Paris.

Children:
Charles also had at least three children outside of his marriages.
Children:
Occupation: Mayor of the Palace, and de facto ruler of the Franks.

Charles was majores palatii, or palace mayor, the de facto ruler of the Franks, from 718 until his death. He installed puppet kings until 737 when he omitted to nominate a successor on the death of King Theoderic IV, proclaiming himself princeps et dux Francorum (prince and duke of Francia).

Notes:
The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 5 pp942-3 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1910)
  CHARLES MARTEL1 (c. 688-741), Frankish ruler, was a natural son of Pippin II., mayor of the palace, and Chalpaïda. Charles was baptized by St Rigobert, bishop of Reims. At the death of his father in 714, Pippin’s widow Plectrude claimed the government in Austrasia and Neustria in the name of her grandchildren, and had Charles thrown into prison. But the Neustrians threw off the Austrasian yoke and entered into an offensive alliance with the Frisians and Saxons. In the general anarchy Charles succeeded in escaping, defeated the Neustrians at Amblève, south of Liege, in 716, and at Vincy, near Cambrai, in 717, and forced them to come to terms. In Austrasia he wrested the power from Plectrude, and took the title of mayor of the palace, thus prejudicing the interests of his nephews. According to the Frankish custom he proclaimed a king in Austrasia in the person of the young Clotaire IV., but in reality Charles was the sole master—the entry in the annals for the year 717 being “Carolus regnare coepit.” Once in possession of Austrasia, Charles sought to extend his dominion over Neustria also. In 719 he defeated Ragenfrid, the Neustrian mayor of the palace, at Soissons, and forced him to retreat to Angers. Ragenfrid died in 731, and from that time Charles had no competitor in the western kingdom. He obliged the inhabitants of Burgundy to submit, and disposed of the Burgundian bishoprics and countships to his leudes. In Aquitaine Duke Odo (Eudes) exercised independent authority, but in 719 Charles forced him to recognize the suzerainty of northern France, at least nominally. After the alliance between Charles and Odo on the field of Poitiers, the mayor of the palace left Aquitaine to Odo’s son Hunald, who paid homage to him. Besides establishing a certain unity in Gaul, Charles saved it from a very great peril. In 711 the Arabs had conquered Spain. In 720 they crossed the Pyrenees, seized Narbonensis, a dependency of the kingdom of the Visigoths, and advanced on Gaul. By his able policy Odo succeeded in arresting their progress for some years; but a new vali, Abdur Rahman, a member of an extremely fanatical sect, resumed the attack, reached Poitiers, and advanced on Tours, the holy town of Gaul. In October 732—just 100 years after the death of Mahomet—Charles gained a brilliant victory over Abdur Rahman, who was called back to Africa by the revolts of the Berbers and had to give up the struggle. This was the last of the great Arab invasions of Europe. After his victory Charles took the offensive, and endeavoured to wrest Narbonensis from the Mussulmans. Although he was not successful in his attempt to recover Narbonne (737), he destroyed the fortresses of Agde, Béziers and Maguelonne, and set fire to the amphitheatre at Nimes. He subdued also the Germanic tribes; annexed Frisia, where Christianity was beginning to make progress; put an end to the duchy of Alemannia; intervened in the internal affairs of the dukes of Bavaria; made expeditions into Saxony; and in 738 compelled some of the Saxon tribes to pay him tribute. He also gave St Boniface a safe conduct for his missions in Thuringia, Alemannia and Bavaria.
  During the government of Charles Martel important changes appear to have been made in the internal administration. Under him began the great assemblies of nobles known as the champs de Mars. To attach his leudes Charles had to give them church lands as precarium, and this had a very great influence in the development of the feudal system. It was from the precarium, or ecclesiastical benefice, that the feudal fief originated. Vassalage, too, acquired a greater consistency at this period, and its rules began to crystallize. Under Charles occurred the first attempt at reconciliation between the papacy and the Franks. Pope Gregory III., menaced by the Lombards, invoked the aid of Charles (739), sent him a deputation with the keys of the Holy Sepulchre and the chains of St Peter, and offered to break with the emperor and Constantinople, and to give Charles the Roman consulate (ut a partibus imperatoris recederet et Romanum consulatum Carolo sanciret). This proposal, though unsuccessful, was the starting-point of a new papal policy. Since the death of Theuderich IV. in 737 there had been no king of the Franks. In 741 Charles divided the kingdom between his two sons, as though he were himself master of the realm. To the elder, Carloman, he gave Austrasia, Alemannia and Thuringia, with suzerainty over Bavaria; the younger, Pippin, received Neustria, Burgundy and Provence. Shortly after this division of the kingdom Charles died at Quierzy on the 22nd of October 741, and was buried at St Denis. The characters of Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne offer many striking points of resemblance. Both were men of courage and activity, and the two men are often confused in the chansons de geste.
  See T. Breyrig, Jahrbücker d. fränk. Reichs, 714-741; die Zeit Karl Martells (Leipzig, 1869); A. A. Beugnot, “Sur la spoliation des biens du clergé attribuée à Charles Martel,” in the Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, vol. xix. (Paris, 1853); Ulysse Chevalier, Bio-bibliographie (2nd ed., Paris, 1904).      (C. PF.)
  1 Or “The Hammer.”

Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp17-8 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
  II. At the time of Childeric’s deposition, Pepin, the father of King Charles, held this office of Mayor of the Palace, one might almost say, by hereditary right; for Pepin’s father, Charles, had received it at the hands of his father, Pepin, and filled it with distinction.
Charles Martel defeating Eudo and the Saracens
Illumination of Charles Martel defeating Eudo and the Saracens, from the manuscript Grandes chroniques de France, Royal 16 G.VI, f.117v, dated between 1332 and 1350
posted by Levan Ramishvili on wikipedia
It was this Charles that crushed the tyrants who claimed to rule the whole Frank land as their own, and that utterly routed the Saracens, when they attempted the conquest of Gaul, in two great battles—one in Aquitania, near the town of Poitiers, and the other on the River Berre,5 near Narbonne—and compelled them to return to Spain. This honour was usually conferred by the people only upon men eminent from their illustrious birth and ample wealth.
  5 Not L’Etang de Berre, but a small stream emptying into L’Etang de Sijean.

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 10 pp20-4 (Edward Gibbon, 1788)
A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thouſand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire; the repetition of an equal ſpace would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland and the Highlands of Scotland: the Rhine is not more impaſſable than the Nile or Euphrates, and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames. Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the ſchools of Oxford, and her pulpits might demonſtrate to a circumciſed people the ſanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet.
  From ſuch calamities was Chriſtendom delivered by the genius and fortune of one man. Charles, the illegitimate ſon of the elder Pepin, was content with the titles of mayor or duke of the Franks, but he deſerved to become the father of a line of kings. In a laborious adminiſtration of twenty-four years, he reſtored and ſupported the dignity of the throne, and the rebels of Germany and Gaul were ſucceſſively cruſhed by the activity of a warrior, who, in the ſame campaign, could diſplay his banner on the Elbe, the Rhône, and the shores of the ocean.
… No ſooner had he collected his forces than he fought and found the enemy in the centre of France, between Tours and Poitiers. His well conduced march was covered by a range of hills, and Abderame appears to have been ſurpriſed by his unexpected preſence. The nations of Aſia, Africa, and Europe, advanced with equal ardour to an encounter which would .change the hiſtory of the world. In the ſix firſt days of deſultory combat, the horſemen and archers of the Eaſt maintained their advantage: but in the cloſer orſet of the ſeventh day, the Orientals were oppreſſed by the ſtrength and ſtature of the Germans, who, with ſtout hearts and iron hands, aſſerted the civil and religious freedom of their poſterity. The epithet of Martel, the Hammer, which has been added to the name of Charles, is expreſſive of his weighty and irreſiſtible ſtrokes: … After a bloody field, in which Abderame was flain, the Saracens, in the cloſe of the evening, retired to their camp.
… Yet the victory of the Franks was complete and final; Aquitain was recovered by the arms of Eudes; the Arabs never reſumed the conqueſt of Gaul, and they were ſoon driven beyond the Pyrenees by Charles Martel and his valiant race. It might have been expected that the ſaviour of Chriſtendom would have been canonized, or at leaſt applauded by the gratitude of the clergy, who are indebted to his ſword for their preſent exiſtence. But in the public diſtreſs, the mayor of the palace had been compelled to apply the riches, or at leaſt the revenues, of the biſhops and abbots, to the relief of the ſtate and the reward of the ſoldiers. His merits were forgotten, his ſacrilege alone was remembered, and, in an epiſtle to a Carlovingian prince, a Gallic ſynod preſumes to declare that his anceſtor was damned; that on opening his tomb, the ſpectators were affrighted by a ſmell of fire and the aſpect of an horrid dragon; and that a ſaint of the times was indulged with a pleaſant viſion of the ſoul and body of Charles Martel, burning, to all eternity, in the abyſs of hell.  

Death: in Quierzy-sur-Oise on 22 October 741

Effigy on the tomb of Charles Martel
Effigy on the tomb of Charles Martel in the basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris
photo by PHGCOM, posted on wikipedia
Buried: in the basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris

Sources:

Charlemagne

Seal of Charlemagne dated 775
A wax seal of Charlemagne dated November 775 (Archives Nationales, Paris K6 no. 8)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Seal of Charlemagne dated 807
A wax seal of Charlemagne dated 7 August 807 (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich, KS3)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Father: Pepin the Short

Mother: Bertrada

Married (1st): the daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards & his wife Ansa, in 769

Charlemagne sent her back to her father after repudiating her in 770 or 771.

Married (2nd): Hildegard in 771-2

Children:
Penny from the reign of Charlemagne
A denier, or penny, from the reign of Charlemagne, minted at Mainz between 812 and 814.
photo by PHGCOM of a coin held at the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, posted on wikipedia
Married (3rd): Fastrada in October 783, in Worms, East Francia

Royal Frankish annals p61 (trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz, 1970)
    783
… When the Lord King Charles came to Worms, he took the Lady Queen Fastrada as his wife.2
2. R: “by whom he begot two daughters”; the daughters were Theoderada and Hiltrude.

Fastrada was the daughter of a Frankish count named Radolf. She died on 10 October 794 in Frankfurt-am-Main, and was buried in St Alban's Abbey, Mainz, East Francia.

Children:
Married (4th): Luitgarde

Luitgarde died on 4 June 800 in Tours, where she was buried in the church of St Martin. There were no children from this marriage.

Charlemagne had a number of children with different women outside of his marriages.

Children:
Occupation: Emperor
Charlemagne was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

Notes:
The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 5 pp891-7 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1910)
  CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814), Roman emperor, and king of the Franks, was the elder son of Pippin the Short, king of the Franks, and Bertha, or Bertrada, daughter of Charibert, count of Laon. The place of his birth is unknown and its date uncertain, although some authorities give it as the 2nd of April 742; doubts have been cast upon his legitimacy, and it is just possible that the marriage of Pippin and Bertha took place subsequent to the birth of their elder son. When Pippin was crowned king of the Franks at St Denis on the 28th of July 754 by Pope Stephen II., Charles, and his brother Carloman were anointed by the pope as a sign of their kingly rank. The rough surroundings of the Frankish court were unfavourable to the acquisition of learning, and Charles grew up almost ignorant of letters, but hardy in body and skilled in the use of weapons.
  In 761 he accompanied his father on a campaign in Aquitaine, and in 763 undertook the government of several counties. In 768 Pippin divided his dominions between his two sons, and on his death soon afterwards Charles became the ruler of the northern portion of the Frankish kingdom, and was crowned at Noyon on the 9th of October 768. Bad feeling had existed for some time between Charles and Carloman, and when Charles early in 769 was called upon to suppress a rising in Aquitaine, his brother refused to afford him any assistance. This rebellion, however, was easily crushed, its leader, the Aquitainian duke Hunold, was made prisoner, and his territory more closely attached to the Frankish kingdom. About this time Bertha, having effected a temporary reconciliation between her sons, overcame the repugnance with which Pope Stephen III. regarded an alliance between Frank and Lombard, and brought about a marriage between Charles and a daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards. Charles had previously contracted a union, probably of an irregular nature, with a Frankish lady named Himiltrude, who had borne him a son Pippin, the “Hunchback.” The peace with the Lombards, in which the Bavarians as allies of Desiderius joined, was, however, soon broken. Charles thereupon repudiated his Lombard wife (Bertha or Desiderata) and married in 771 a princess of the Alamanni named Hildegarde. Carloman died in December 771, and Charles was at once recognized at Corbeny as sole king of the Franks. Carloman's widow Gerberga had fled to the protection of the Lombard king, who espoused her cause and requested the new pope, Adrian I., to recognize her two sons as the lawful Frankish kings. Adrian, between whom and the Lombards other causes of quarrel existed, refused to assent to this demand, and when Desiderius invaded the papal territories he appealed to the Frankish king for help. Charles, who was at the moment engaged in his first Saxon campaign, expostulated with Desiderius; but when such mild measures proved useless he led his forces across the Alps in 773. Gerberga and her children were delivered up and disappear from history; the siege of Pavia was undertaken; and at Easter 774 the king left the seat of war and visited Rome, where he was received with great respect.
… Returning to the scene of hostilities, Charles witnessed the capitulation of Pavia in June 774, and the capture of Desiderius, who was sent into a monastery. He now took the title “king of the Lombards,” to which he added the dignity of “Patrician of the Romans,” which had been granted to his father.
… Charles now sought to increase his authority in Italy, where Frankish counts were set over various districts, and where Hildebrand, duke of Spoleto, appears to have recognized his overlordship. In 780 he was again in the peninsula, and at Mantua issued an important capitulary which increased the authority of the Lombard bishops, relieved freemen who under stress of famine had sold themselves into servitude, and condemned abuses of the system of vassalage. At the same time commerce was encouraged by the abolition of unauthorized tolls and by an improvement of the coinage; while the sale of arms to hostile peoples, and the trade in Christian slaves were forbidden. Proceeding to Rome, the king appears to have come to some arrangement with Adrian about the donation of 774. At Easter 781, Carloman, his second son by Hildegarde, was renamed Pippin and crowned king of Italy by Pope Adrian, and his youngest son Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine; but no mention was made at the time of his eldest son Charles, who was doubtless intended to be king of the Franks. In 783 the king, having lost his wife Hildegarde, married Fastrada, the daughter of a Frankish count named Radolf; and in the same year his mother Bertha died. The emperor Constantine VI. was at this time exhibiting some interest in Italian affairs, and Adalgis the Lombard was still residing at his court; so Charles sought to avert danger from this quarter by consenting in 781 to a marriage between Constantine and his own daughter Rothrude.
… The continuous interest taken by the king in ecclesiastical affairs was shown at the synod of Frankfort, over which he presided in 794. It was on his initiative that this synod condemned the heresy of adoptianism and the worship of images, which had been restored in 787 by the second council of Nicaea; and at the same time that council was declared to have been superfluous. This policy caused a further breach with Pope Adrian; but when Adrian died in December 795, his successor, Leo III., in notifying his elevation to the king, sent him the keys of St Peter's grave and the banner of the city, and asked Charles to send an envoy to receive his oath of fidelity. There is no doubt that Leo recognized Charles as sovereign of Rome. He was the first pope to date his acts according to the years of the Frankish monarchy, and a mosaic of the time in the Lateran palace represents St Peter bestowing the banners upon Charles as a token of temporal supremacy, while the coinage issued by the pope bears witness to the same idea. Leo soon had occasion to invoke the aid of his protector. In 799, after he had been attacked and maltreated in the streets of Rome during a procession, he escaped to the king at Paderborn, and Charles sent him back to Italy escorted by some of his most trusted servants. Taking the same journey himself shortly afterwards, the king reached Rome in 800 for the purpose (as he declared) of restoring discipline in the church. His authority was undisputed; and after Leo had cleared himself by an oath of certain charges made against him, Charles restored the pope and banished his leading opponents.
  The great event of this visit took place on the succeeding Christmas Day, when Charles on rising from prayer in St Peter’s was crowned by Leo and proclaimed emperor and augustus amid the acclamations of the crowd.
… Thus the emperor's dominions now stretched from the Eider to the Ebro, and from the Atlantic to the Elbe, the Saale and the Raab, and they also included the greater part of Italy; while even beyond these bounds he exercised an acknowledged but shadowy authority. In 806 Charles arranged a division of his territories among his three legitimate sons, but this arrangement came to nothing owing to the death of Pippin in 810, and of the younger Charles in the following year. Charles then named his remaining son Louis as his successor; and at his father’s command Louis took the crown from the altar and placed it upon his own head. This ceremony took place at Aix on the 11th of September 813.
… In 811 Charles made his will, which shows that he contemplated the possibility of abdication. The bulk of his possessions were left to the twenty-one metropolitan churches of his dominions, and the remainder to his children, his servants and the poor. In his last years he passed most of his days at Aix, though he had sufficient energy to take the field for a short time during the Danish War. Early in 814 he was attacked by a fever which he sought to subdue by fasting; but pleurisy supervened, and after partaking of the communion, he died on the 28th of January 814, and on the same day his body was buried in the church of St Mary at Aix. In the year 1000 his tomb was opened by the emperor Otto III., but the account that Otto found the body upright upon a throne with a golden crown on the head and holding a golden sceptre in the hands, is generally regarded as legendary. The tomb was again opened by the emperor Frederick I. in 1165, when the remains were removed from a marble sarcophagus and placed in a wooden coffin. Fifty years later they were transferred by order of the emperor Frederick II. to a splendid shrine, in which the relics are still exhibited once in every six years. The sarcophagus in which the body originally lay may still be seen at Aix, and other relics of the great emperor are in the imperial treasury at Vienna. In 1165 Charles was canonized by the antipope Paschal III. at the instance of the emperor Frederick I., and Louis XI. of France gave strict orders that the feast of the saint should be observed.
  The personal appearance of Charles is thus described by Einhard:—“Big and robust in frame, he was tall, but not excessively so, measuring about seven of his own feet in height. His eyes were large and lustrous, his nose rather long and his countenance bright and cheerful.” He had a commanding presence, a clear but somewhat feeble voice, and in later life became rather corpulent. His health was uniformly good, owing perhaps to his moderation in eating and drinking, and to his love for hunting and swimming. He was an affectionate father, and loved to pass his time in the company of his children, to whose education he paid the closest attention. His sons were trained for war and the chase, and his daughters instructed in the spinning of wool and other feminine arts. His ideas of sexual morality were primitive. Many concubines are spoken of, he had several illegitimate children, and the morals of his daughters were very loose. He was a regular observer of religious rites, took great pains to secure decorum in the services of the church, and was generous in almsgiving both within his empire and without. He reformed the Frankish liturgy, and brought singers from Rome to improve the services of the church. He had considerable knowledge of theology, took a prominent part in the theological controversies of the time, and was responsible for the addition of the clause filioque to the Nicene Creed. The most attractive feature of his character, however, was his love of learning. In addition to his native tongue he could read Latin and understood Greek, but he was unable to write, and Einhard gives an account of his futile efforts to learn this art in later life. He loved the reading of histories and astronomy, and by questioning travellers gained some knowledge of distant parts of the earth. He attended lectures on grammar, and his favourite work was St Augustine’s De civitate Dei. He caused Frankish sagas to be collected, began a grammar of his native tongue, and spent some of his last hours in correcting a text of the Vulgate. He delighted in the society of scholars—Alcuin, Angilbert, Paul the Lombard, Peter of Pisa and others, and in this company the trappings of rank were laid aside and the emperor was known simply as David. Under his patronage Alcuin organized the school of the palace, where the royal children were taught in the company of others, and founded a school at Tours which became the model for many other establishments. Charles was unwearying in his efforts to improve the education of clergy and laity, and in 789 ordered that schools should be established in every diocese. The atmosphere of these schools was strictly ecclesiastical and the questions discussed by the scholars were often puerile, but the greatness of the educational work of Charles will not be doubted when one considers the rude condition of Frankish society half a century before. The main work of the Carolingian renaissance was to restore Latin to its position as a literary language, and to reintroduce a correct system of spelling and an improved handwriting. The manuscripts of the time are accurate and artistic, copies of valuable books were made and by careful collation the texts were purified.
  Charles was not a great warrior. His victories were won rather by the power of organization, which he possessed in a marked degree, and he was eager to seize ideas and prompt in their execution. He erected a stone bridge with wooden piers across the Rhine at Mainz, and began a canal between the Altmuhl and the Rednitz to connect the Rhine and the Danube, but this work was not finished. He built palaces at Aix (his favourite residence), Nijmwegen and Ingelheim, and erected the church of St Mary at Aix, modelled on that of St Vitalis at Ravenna and adorned with columns and mosaics brought from the same city. He loved the simple dress and manners of the Franks, and on two occasions only did he assume the more stately attire of a Roman noble. The administrative system of Charles in church and state was largely personal, and he brought to the work an untiring industry, and a marvellous grasp of detail. He admonished the pope, appointed the bishops, watched over the morals and work of the clergy, and took an active part in the deliberations of church synods; he founded bishoprics and monasteries, was lavish in his gifts to ecclesiastical foundations, and chose bishops and abbots for administrative work. As the real founder of the ecclesiastical state, he must be held mainly responsible for the evils which resulted from the policy of the church in exalting the ecclesiastical over the secular authority.
  In secular affairs Charles abolished the office of duke, placed counts over districts smaller than the former duchies, and supervised their government by means of missi dominici, officials responsible to himself alone. Marches were formed on all the borders of the empire, and the exigencies of military service led to the growth of a system of land-tenure which contained the germ of feudalism. The assemblies of the people gradually changed their character under his rule. No longer did the nation come together to direct and govern, but the emperor summoned his people to assent to his acts. Taking a lively interest in commerce and agriculture, Charles issued various regulations for the organization of the one and the improvement of the other. He introduced a new system of weights and measures, which he ordered should be used throughout his kingdom, and took steps to reform the coinage. He was a voluminous lawgiver. Without abolishing the customary law of the German tribes, which is said to have been committed to writing by his orders, he added to it by means of capitularies, and thus introduced certain Christian principles and customs, and some degree of uniformity.
… AUTHORITIES.—The chief authorities for the life and times of Charlemagne are Einhard’s Vita Karoli Magni, the Annales Laurissenses majores, the Annales Fuldenses, and other annals, which are published in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Band i. and ii., edited by G. H. Pertz (Hanover and Berlin, 1826-1892). For the capitularies see Capitularia regum Francorum, edited by A. Boretius in the Monumenta. Leges. Many of the songs of the period appear in the Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, edited by E. Dümmler (Berlin, 1881-1884). The Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, tome iv., edited by Ph. Jaffe (Berlin, 1864-1873), contains some of the emperor’s correspondence, and Hincmar’s De ordine palatii, edited by M. Prou (Paris, 1884), is also valuable.

See also Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880) for a longer biography of Charlemagne. Some excerpts describe more of Charlemagne's personal life:
Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp56-61 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
  XXII. Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was round, his eyes very large and animated, nose a little long, hair fair, and face laughing and merry. Thus his appearance was always stately and dignified, whether he was standing or sitting; although his neck was thick and somewhat short, and his belly rather prominent; but the symmetry of the rest of his body concealed these defects. His gait was firm, his whole carriage manly, and his voice clear, but not so strong as his size led one to expect. His health was excellent, except during the four years preceding his death, when he was subject to frequent fevers; at the last he even limped a little with one foot. Even in those years he consulted rather his own inclinations than the advice of physicians, who were almost hateful to him, because they wanted him to give up roasts, to which he was accustomed, and to eat boiled meat instead. In accordance with the national custom, he took frequent exercise on horseback and in the chase, accomplishments in which scarcely any people in the world can equal the Franks. He enjoyed the exhalations from natural warm springs, and often practised swimming, in which he was such an adept that none could surpass him; and hence it was that he built his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, and lived there constantly during his latter years until his death. He used not only to invite his sons to his bath, but his nobles and friends, and now and then a troop of his retinue or body-guard, so that a hundred or more persons sometimes bathed with him.
  XXIII. He used to wear the national, that is to say, the Frank, dress—next his skin a linen shirt and linen breeches, and above these a tunic fringed with silk; while hose fastened by bands covered his lower limbs, and shoes his feet, and he protected his shoulders and chest in winter by a close-fitting coat of otter or marten skins. Over all he flung a blue cloak, and he always had a sword girt about him, usually one with a gold or silver hilt and belt; he sometimes carried a jewelled sword, but only on great feast-days or at the reception of ambassadors from foreign nations. He despised foreign costumes, however handsome, and never allowed himself to be robed in them, except twice in Rome, when he donned the Roman tunic, chlamys, and shoes; the first time at the request of Pope Hadrian,59 the second to gratify Leo,60 Hadrian’s successor. On great feast-days he made use of embroidered clothes, and shoes bedecked with precious stones; his cloak was fastened by a golden buckle, and he appeared crowned with a diadem of gold and gems: but on other days his dress varied little from the common dress of the people.
  XXIV. Charles was temperate in eating, and particularly so in drinking, for he abominated drunkenness in anybody, much more in himself and those of his household; but he could not easily abstain from food, and often complained that fasts injured his health. He very rarely gave entertainments, only on great feast-days, and then to large numbers of people. His meals ordinarily consisted of four courses, not counting the roast, which his huntsmen used to bring in on the spit; he was more fond of this than of any other dish. While at table, he listened to reading or music. The subjects of the readings were the stories and deeds of olden time: he was fond, too, of St. Augustine’s books, and especially of the one entitled “The City of God.” He was so moderate in the use of wine and all sorts of drink that he rarely allowed himself more than three cups in the course of a meal. In summer, after the midday meal, he would eat some fruit, drain a single cup, put off his clothes and shoes, just as he did for the night, and rest for two or three hours. He was in the habit of awaking and rising from bed four or five times during the night. While he was dressing and putting on his shoes, he not only gave audience to his friends, but if the Count of the Palace told him of any suit in which his judgment was necessary, he had the parties brought before him forthwith, took cognizance of the case, and gave his decision, just as if he were sitting on the judgment-seat. This was not the only business that he transacted at this time, but he performed any duty of the day whatever, whether he had to attend to the matter himself, or to give commands concerning it to his officers.
  XXV. Charles had the gift of ready and fluent speech, and could express whatever he had to say with the utmost clearness. He was not satisfied with command of his native language merely, but gave attention to the study of foreign ones, and in particular was such a master of Latin that he could speak it as well as his native tongue; but he could understand Greek better than he could speak it.
  59 Hadrian I., 772-795.
  60 Leo III., 795-816

Death: 28 January 814, from pleurisy
Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp69-70 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
[813] After sending his son back to Aquitania, although weak from age he set out to hunt, as usual, near his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, and passed the rest of the autumn in the chase, returning thither about the first of November. While wintering there, he was seized, in the month of January, with a high fever, and took to his bed. [814 Jan. 22.] As soon as he was taken sick, he prescribed for himself abstinence from food, as he always used to do in case of fever, thinking that the disease could be driven off, or at least mitigated, by fasting. Besides the fever, he suffered from a pain in the side, which the Greeks call pleurisy; but he still persisted in fasting, and in keeping up his strength only by draughts taken at very long intervals. He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o’clock in the morning, after partaking of the holy communion, in the 72d year of his age and the 47th of his reign.

Charlemagne's burial shroud
Part of Charlemagne's burial shroud. It is a polychrome crimson-hued silk with a pattern showing a quadriga, manufactured in Constantinople. It is held in the Musée national du Moyen Âge, Paris. This section was cut in 1850 from the shroud in the Aachen Cathedral Treasury, where a section of about the same dimensions remains.
image from De Byzance a Istambul p129, posted on wikipedia
Probable first tomb of Charlemagne
The Proserpina sarcophagus, made of Parian marble, in which Charlemagne was probably interred (see discussion of historical dispute) in Aachen cathedral. It is displayed today in the Aachen Cathedral Treasury.
photo by Lokilech, posted on wikipedia
Buried: 28th of January 814 in the church of St Mary at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)
Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp70-1 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
  XXXI. His body was washed and cared for in the usual manner, and was then carried to the church, and interred amid the greatest lamentations of all the people. There was some question at first where to lay him, because in his lifetime he had given no directions as to his burial; but at length all agreed that he could nowhere be more honourably entombed than in the very basilica that he had built in the town at his own expense, for love of God and our Lord Jesus Christ, and in honour of the Holy and Eternal Virgin, His Mother. He was buried there the same day that he died, and a gilded arch was erected above his tomb with his image and an inscription. The words of the inscription were as follows: “In this tomb lies the body of Charles, the Great and Orthodox Emperor, who gloriously extended the kingdom of the Franks, and reigned prosperously for forty-seven years. He died at the age of seventy, in the year of our Lord 814, the 7th Indiction, on the 28th day of January.”

In the year 1000 his tomb was opened by the emperor Otto III. The tomb was again opened by the emperor Frederick I. in 1165, when the remains were removed from a marble sarcophagus and placed in a wooden coffin.
Second tomb of Charlemagne
The Karlsschrein, in Aachen cathedral, in which Frederick II reinterred Charlemagne in 1215
photo by Sailko, posted on wikipedia
Fifty years later they were transferred by order of the emperor Frederick II. to a splendid shrine. The sarcophagus in which the body originally lay can still be seen at Aix, and other relics of the emperor are in the imperial treasury at Vienna.

Will:
Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp74-82 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
  XXXIII. It had been his intention to make a will, that he might give some share in the inheritance to his daughters and the children of his concubines; but it was begun too late and could not be finished. Three years before his death, however, he made a division of his treasures, money, clothes, and other movable goods in the presence of his friends and servants, and called them to witness it, that their voices might insure the ratification of the disposition thus made. He had a summary drawn up of his wishes regarding this distribution of his property, the terms and text of which are as follows:
  “In the name of the Lord God, the Almighty Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. This is the inventory and division dictated by the most glorious and most pious Lord Charles, Emperor Augustus, in the 811th year of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the 43d year of his reign in France and 37th in Italy; the 11th of his empire, and the 4th Indiction, which considerations of piety and prudence have determined him, and the favour of God enabled him, to make of his treasures and money ascertained this day to be in his treasure-chamber. In this division he is especially desirous to provide not only that the largess of alms which Christians usually make of their possessions shall be made for himself in due course and order out of his wealth, but also that his heirs shall be free from all doubt, and know clearly what belongs to them, and be able to share their property by suitable partition without litigation or strife. With this intention and to this end he has first divided all his substance and movable goods ascertained to be in his treasure-chamber on the day aforesaid in gold, silver, precious stones, and royal ornaments into three lots, and has subdivided and set off two of the said lots into twenty-one parts, keeping the third entire. The first two lots have been thus subdivided into twenty-one parts because there are in his kingdom twenty-one recognized metropolitan cities, and in order that each archbishopric may receive by way of alms, at the hands of his heirs and friends, one of the said parts, and that the archbishop who shall then administer its affairs shall take the part given to it, and share the same with his suffragans in such manner that one third shall go to the Church, and the remaining two thirds be divided among the suffragans. The twenty-one parts into which the first two lots are to be distributed, according to the number of recognized metropolitan cities, have been set apart one from another, and each has been put aside by itself in a box labelled with the name of the city for which it is destined. The names of the cities to which this alms or largess is to be sent are as follows: Rome, Ravenna, Milan, Friuli, Grado, Cologne, Mayence, Salzburg, Treves, Sens, Besançon, Lyons, Rouen, Rheims, Arles, Vienne, Moutiers-en-Tarantpse, Embrun, Bordeaux, Tours, and Bourges. The third lot, which he wishes to be kept entire, is to be bestowed as follows: While the first two lots are to be divided into the parts aforesaid, and set aside under seal, the third lot shall be employed for the owner’s daily needs, as property which he shall be under no obligation to part with in order to the fulfilment of any vow, and this as long as he shall be in the flesh,, or consider it necessary for his use. But upon his death, or voluntary renunciation of the affairs of this world, this said lot shall be divided into four parts, and one thereof shall be added to the aforesaid twenty-one parts; the second shall be assigned to his sons and daughters, and to the sons and daughters of his sons, to be distributed among them in just and equal partition; the third, in accordance with the custom common among Christians, shall be devoted to the poor; and the fourth shall go to the support of the men-servants and maid-servants on duty in the palace. It is his wish that to this said third lot of the whole amount, which consists, as well as the rest, of gold and silver, shall be added all the vessels and utensils of brass, iron, and other metals, together with the arms, clothing, and other movable goods, costly and cheap, adapted to divers uses, as hangings. coverlets, carpets, woollen stuffs, leathern articles, pack-saddles, and whatsoever shall be found in his treasure-chamber and wardrobe at that time, in order that thus the parts of the said lot may be augmented, and the alms distributed reach more persons. He ordains that his chapel—that is to say, its church property, as well that which he has provided and collected as that which came to him by inheritance from his father—shall remain entire, and not be dissevered by any partition whatever. If, however, any vessels, books, or other articles be found therein which are certainly known not to have been given by him to the said chapel, whoever wants them shall have them on paying their value at a fair estimation. He likewise commands that the books which he has collected in his library in great numbers shall be sold for fair prices to such as want them, and the money received therefrom given to the poor. It is well known that among his other property and treasures are three silver tables, and one very large and massive golden one. He directs and commands that the square silver table, upon which there is a representation of the city of Constantinople, shall be sent to the Basilica of St. Peter the Apostle at Rome, with the other gifts destined therefor; that the round one, adorned with a delineation of the city of Rome, shall be given to the Episcopal Church at Ravenna; that the third, which far surpasses the other two in weight and in beauty of workmanship, and is made in three circles, showing the plan of the whole universe, drawn with skill and delicacy, shall go, together with the golden table, fourthly above mentioned, to increase that lot which is to be devoted to his heirs and to alms.
  This deed, and the dispositions thereof, he has made and appointed in the presence of the bishops, abbots, and counts able to be present, whose names are hereto subscribed: Bishops—Hildebald, Ricolf, Arno, Wolfar, Bernoin, Laidrad, John, Theodulf, Jesse, Heito, Waltgaud. Abbots—Fredugis, Adalung, Angilbert, Irmino. Counts—Walacho, Meginher, Otulf, Stephen, Unruoch, Burchard, Meginhard, Hatto, Rihwin, Edo, Ercangar, Gerold, Bero, Hildiger, Rocculf.”
  Charles’s son Lewis, who by the grace of God succeeded him, after examining this summary, took pains to fulfil all its conditions most religiously as soon as possible after his father’s death.

Sources:

Charles II "the Bald"

Charles the Bald in the Vivian Bible
Contemporary depiction of Charles the Bald in the Vivian Bible which was commissioned by count Vivian of Tours, lay abbot of Saint-Martin de Tours, in 845 and presented to Charles the Bald in 846 on a visit to the church, as shown in this presentation miniature at the end of the book. The bible is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.
posted on wikipedia
Seal of Charles II the Bald
A wax seal of Charles II the Bald dated 2 May 848 (Archives Nationales, Paris K11 no. 5/3)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Birth: 13 June 823, in Frankfurt, Francia
Annales S. Benigni Divionensis in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 5 p39 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1844)
  82414 Natus est Karolus, filius Ludowici, Franconofurt Idus Iun.
14) rectius 823
This roughly translates as:
82414 Charles, son of Louis, was born in Franconofurt on the Ides of June [13 June].
14) more correctly 823

Father: Louis I "the Pious"

Mother: Judith of Bavaria

Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 2 p597 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1829)
829 Alio anno venit Wormatiam, ubi et Carolo filio suo, qui erat ex Iudith augusta natus, terram Alamannicam & Redicam, et partem aliquam Burgundiae coram filiis suis Hluthario et aequivoco suo lodewico tradidit.
This roughly translates as:
In 829 he came to Worms, where he handed over to his son Charles, who was born of Judith Augusta, the lands of Alemannia and Rhedia, and some part of Burgundy, in the presence of his sons, to Luther and his equal Louis.

Married (1st): Ermentrude of Orléans on 13 December 842, in Quierzy

The day is given in a charter by Charles, dated in 862, calling for a commemoration of the date.
Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France vol 8 p579 (1871)
necnon et in Idibus Deeembris, quando Deus me dilectam conjugem mecum Hirmentrudem uxoreo vinculo copulavit
This roughly translates as:
and also on the Ides of December [13 December], when God has united my beloved spouse, Hirmentrude, to me in the bond of marriage

Nithard’s Histories IV p173 (trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz, 1970)
Nov. 842 Louis went to Bavaria, and Charles came to Quierzy to take a wife.
… 14 Dec. 842 Charles, as I said before, took a wife, Hirmentrude, daughter of Odo and Ingeltrud, who was a niece of Adalhard. Charles’s father in his time had loved this Adalhard so much that he did anything in his whole empire that Adalhard wanted. Adalhard cared little for the public good and tried to please everyone. Again and again he advised Charles’s father to distribute liberties and public property for private use and, since he knew how to manage it so that everyone got what he asked for, he ruined the kingdom altogether. This is how he was easily able at this time to coax the people to do whatever he wanted. It was for this reason above all that Charles married Hirmentrude, because he believed that with Adalhard’s help he could win over a large part of the people to himself. After the wedding had taken place on December 14, he celebrated Christmas at St.-Quentin. At Valenciennes he decided which of his vassals would remain to defend the land between the Meuse and the Seine. He and his wife headed for Aquitaine in the winter of the year of our Lord 843.

Children:
Married (2nd): Richilde of Provence on 12 October 869, confirmed in Aix-la-Chapelle on 22 January 870.

Richilde was descended from a noble family of Lorraine. She was crowned empress at Tortona in Lombardy by Pope John VIII in 877.

Children:
Penny from the reign of Charles II the Bald
A denier, or penny, from the reign of Charles the Bald, minted at Reims between 840 and 864.
It is inscribed " + REMIS CIVITAS" on the obverse and "+ CAROLVS REX FR" on the reverse.
posted on wikipedia
Occupation: Holy Roman emperor and king of the West Franks
Charles was installed as king of Aquitaine in September 832, but this was restored to his half-brother, Pepin, on 15 March 1834. He received the kingdom of West Francia by the treaty of Verdun in August 843 and deposed Pepin as king of Aquitaine in 848 and declared himself king of Lotharingia in 869. Charles was crowned emperor by Pope John VIII on 29 December 875, and elected king of Italy at Pavia in 876.

Notes:
This extract is from a charter by Charles dated 862, giving his date of birth and marriage as well as his coronation and restoration.
Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France vol 8 p579 (1871)
videlicet ut in Idibus Junii, quando Deus nos nasci in mundo voluit, et octavo Idus Junias, quando Sanctus Sanctorum nos ungi in Regem sua dignatione disposuit; sed et octavo-decimo Kal. Febroarias, quando me Rex Regum, fugatis atque contritis ante faciem divinæ potentiæ nobiscum agentis, inregnum restituit, quæ commemoratio post obitura nostrum in depositionis diem, cùm me Dominus viam universæ carnis ingredi jusserit, convertatur; necnon et in Idibus Deeembris, quando Deus me dilectam conjugem mecum Hirmentrudem uxoreo vinculo copulavit; verùm et quinto Kal. Octobris, quando ipsa dilectissima nobis conjux nata fuit, quæ commemoratio convertatur in depositionis ejus diem, quando divina vocatione ab hac mortalitate migraverit;
This roughly translates as:
namely, on the Ides of June [13 June], when God willed us to be born into the world, and on the eighth day of the Ides of June [6 June], when the Holy of Holies, by his own deign, disposed to anoint us as Kings; but also on the eighteenth day of the Kalends of February [15 January], when the King of Kings, having been put to flight and contrite before the face of the divine power working with us, restored me to the kingdom, which commemoration after our death is to be converted into the day of my deposition, when the Lord has commanded me to enter the way of the whole flesh; and also on the Ides of December [13 December], when God has united my beloved spouse, Hirmentrude, to me in the bond of marriage; indeed, and on the fifth day of the Kalends of October [27 September], when our most beloved spouse was born, which commemoration is to be converted into the day of her deposition, when by divine calling she departed from this mortality;
Charles II the Bald
Charles II "the Bald"
The illustration is titled "CAROLVS CALVVS LVD. PII. F" i.e. Charles "the Bald" son of Louis"the Pious"
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p226 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p225 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
CAROLVS CALVVS Cæſar & Franciæ Rex, Brabantiæ, ac ſecundus Lotharingiæ Dux, ſuperat Normannos, & vrbem Andegauenſem recipit. Inuaſit nepotes, filios Lodouici fratris ſui Regis Germaniæ, ſed à minore ſuperatus redijt in Galliam; cumq́ue audiret eos irruptionem facturos, in Italiam traducto trans Alpes exercitu, vt hoſtem arceret, Mantuæ febri correptus interijt hauſto veneno, quod Iudæus Medicus in pharmacum dederat, Imperij ſui anno altero, Regni verò XXXVIII. Corpus eius delatum eſt apud S. Dionyſium prope Pariſios. Obiit anno Dom. IↃ.CCCCXIIII.
  Vxorem habuit nomine Hermentrudis.
Liberi.
  Carolomanus Eccleiaſticæ dignitati ſe deuouerat, ſed eam abdicans coniurauit in Patrem: ſed captus à Patre & excæcatus, orbitate luminis pœnas luit delicti.
  Carolus alter dum nimium tribuit ſuis viribus, prouocat ad ſingulare certamen Alboinum quendam fortiſſimum Equitem, à quo vidus occubuit.
  Lodouicus Balbus, tertius natu filius.
  Lotharius.
  Judith filia poſt primas nuptias Adolphi Anglorum, rapitur à Baldowino Foreſtiero Flandriæ: qui hiſce nuptijs obtinuit à Patre Carolo reconciliato nomen & inſignia Comitis Flandriæ.
This roughly translates as:
Charles the Bald, Emperor, and King of France, Duke of Brabant, and second Duke of Lorraine, defeats the Normans, and takes back the city of Anjou. He attacked his nephews, the sons of his brother Louis, King of Germany, but being defeated by the younger, he returned to Gaul; when he heard that they were going to make an invasion, he led an army across the Alps into Italy, to ward off the enemy, and at Mantua he was seized with a fever, and died after drinking poison, which a Jewish physician had given as a medicine, in the second year of his Imperial reign, but in the 38th year of his kingship. His body was brought to St. Dionysius near Paris. He died in the year of the Lord 914.
  He had a wife named Hermentrude.
Children.
  Carloman had devoted himself to the ecclesiastical dignity, but abdicating it, he conspired against his father: but, captured by his father and blinded, he suffered the punishment of his crime by being deprived of light.
  Charles, while he attributed too much to his own strength, provoked a certain very brave knight, Alboin, to a single combat, by whom he died a widower.
  Louis the Stammerer, the third-born son.
  Lothair.
  Judith, daughter of Adolphus of England, after her first marriage, was carried off by Baldwin Forester of Flanders: who by this marriage obtained from his father Charles, having been reconciled, the name and insignia of Count of Flanders.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 5 pp897-8 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1910)
  CHARLES II. called THE BALD (823-877), Roman emperor and king of the West Franks, was the son of the emperor Louis the Pious and of his second wife Judith and was born in 823. The attempts made by his father to assign him a kingdom, first Alamannia (829), then the country between the Meuse and the Pyrenees (839), at the expense of his half-brothers Lothair and Louis led to a rising on the part of these two (see LOUIS I., the Pious). The death of the emperor in 840 was the signal for the outbreak of war between his sons. Charles allied himself with his brother Louis the German to resist the pretensions of the emperor Lothair, and the two allies conquered him in the bloody victory of Fontenoyen-Puisaye (25 June 841). In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated oaths of Strassburg, made by Charles in the Teutonic language spoken by the subjects of Louis, and by Louis in the Romance tongue of Charles’s subjects. The war was brought to an end by the treaty of Verdun (August 843), which gave to Charles the Bald the kingdom of the western Franks, which practically corresponded with what is now France, as far as the Meuse, the Saône and the Rhone, with the addition of the Spanish March as far as the Ebro. The first years of his reign up to the death of Lothair I. (855) were comparatively peaceful, and during them was continued the system of “confraternal government” of the sons of Louis the Pious, who had various meetings with one another, at Coblenz (848), at Meersen (851), and at Attigny (854). In 858 Louis the German, summoned by the disaffected nobles, invaded the kingdom of Charles, who fled to Burgundy, and was only saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who were related to Judith. In 860 he in his turn tried to seize the kingdom of his nephew, Charles of Provence, but met with a repulse. On the death of Lothair II. in 869 he tried to seize his dominions, but by the treaty of Mersen (870) was compelled to share them with Louis the German. Besides this, Charles had to struggle against the incessant rebellions in Aquitaine, against the Bretons, whose revolt was led by their chief Nomenoé and Erispoé, and who inflicted on the king the defeats of Ballon (845) and Juvardeil (851), and especially against the Normans, who devastated the country in the north of Gaul, the valleys of the Seine and Loire, and even up to the borders of Aquitaine. Charles was several times compelled to purchase their retreat at a heavy price. He has been accused of being incapable of resisting them, but we must take into account the unwillingness of the nobles, who continually refused to join the royal army; moreover, the Frankish army does not seem to have been sufficiently accustomed to war to make any headway against the pirates. At any rate, Charles led various expeditions against the invaders, and tried to put a barrier in their way by having fortified bridges built over all the rivers. In 875, after the death of the emperor Louis II., Charles the Bald, supported by Pope John VIII., descended into Italy, receiving the royal crown at Pavia and the imperial crown at Rome (20th December). But Louis the German, who was also a candidate for the succession of Louis II., revenged himself for Charles’s success by invading and devastating his dominions. Charles was recalled to Gaul, and after the death of Louis the German (28th August 876), in his turn made an attempt to seize his kingdom, but at Andernach met with a shameful defeat (8th October 876). In the meantime, John VIII., who was menaced by the Saracens, was continually urging him to come to Italy, and Charles, after having taken at Quierzy the necessary measures for safeguarding the government of his dominions in his absence, again crossed the Alps, but this expedition had been received with small enthusiasm by the nobles, and even by Boso, Charles’s brother-in-law, who had been entrusted by him with the government of Lombardy, and they refused to come with their men to join the imperial army. At the same time Carloman, son of Louis the German, entered northern Italy. Charles, ill and in great distress, started on his way back to Gaul, and died while crossing-the pass of the Mont Cenis on the 5th or 6th of October 877. He was succeeded by his son Louis the Stammerer, the child of Ermentrude, daughter of a count of Orleans, whom he had married in 842, and who had died in 869. In 870 he had married Richilde, who was descended from noble family of Lorraine, but none of the children whom he had by her played a part of any importance. Charles seems to have been a prince of education and letters, a friend of the church, and conscious of the support he could find in the episcopate against his unruly nobles, for he chose his councillors for preference from among the higher clergy, as in the case of Guenelon of Sens who betrayed him, or of Hincmar of Reims. But his character and his reign have been judged very variously. The genera tendency seems to have been to accept too easily the accounts of the chroniclers of the east Frankish kingdom, which are favourable to Louis the German, and to accuse Charles of cowardice and bad faith. He seems on the contrary not to have lacked activity or decision.
   AUTHORITIES.—The most important authority for the history of Charles’s reign is represented by the Annales Bertiniani, which were the work of Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, up to 861, then up to 882 of the celebrated Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. This prince’s charters are to be found published in the collections of the Académie des Inscriptions, by M. M. Prou. The most complete history of the reign is found in E. Dümmler, Geschichte des ost-fränkischen Reiches (3 vols., Leipzig, 1887-1888). See also J. Calmette, La Diplomatie carolingienne du traité de Verdun à la mort de Charles le Chauve (Paris, 1901), and_F. Lot, “Une Annee du règne de Charles le Chauve,” in Le Moyen-Age, (1902) pp. 393-438

Death: 6 October 877, while crossing-the pass of the Mont Cenis in Brides-les-Bains, West Francia, on his return to Gaul from Italy.
Annales S. Benigni Divionensis in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 5 p39 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1844)
877 Prid. Non. Octob. obiit Karolus imperator et Hilmentrudis regina. Iterum Karolus Italiam ingreditur, et eandem terram Karlomannus per aliam viam intravit. Inde Karolus territus fugit, et in eodem itinere mortuus est.
This roughly translates as:
877 On the day before the Nones of October [6 October], Emperor Charles and Queen Hilmentrude died. Charles again entered Italy, and Carloman entered the same land by another route. From there Charles fled in terror, and died on the same journey.

Annales Vedastini
Anno Domini DCCCLXXVII. … Contra voluntatem denique suorum cum coniuge iterum Italiam ingressus est, Papiaeque civitati Iohannes papa ei occurrit, ibique se mutuo salutaverunt. At hi qui in Francia remanserant dato tributo Danos e regno abire coegerunt. Et dum domnus apostolicus et imperator Papiae civitati essent, subito eis nuntiatur Karlomannum imperatori cum manu valida superveniri. Unde commotus imperator, videns non habere unde ei resistere, praedicto papae munera, quae sancto deportabat Petro, dedit, inter quae crucifixum aureum, quale non fuit ab ullis regibus factum. Ipse vero per Alpes Provintiae in Franciam repedare voluit, sed, ut dicitur, a quodam Sedechia Iudaeo potionatus in loco qui dicitur Nantua intra Alpes posito II. Non. Octobr. indictione XI, anno aetatis suae LIIII, regni vero XXXVII, imperii autem II. vitam finivit praesentem. Corpus vero eius in eodem regno in loculo *reposuerunt, donec transferretur in Franciam, quod postea per diversa loca translatum est.
This roughly translates as:
In the year of our Lord 877. ... Against the will of his people he entered Italy again with his wife, and Pope John met him in the city of Pavia, and there they greeted each other. But those who had remained in France forced the Danes to leave the kingdom by paying tribute. And while the apostolic lord and emperor were in the city of Pavia, they were suddenly told that Carloman was coming to the emperor with a strong force. Whereupon the emperor, moved, seeing that he had no means of resisting him, gave the aforementioned pope the gifts that he was carrying to Saint Peter, among which was a golden crucifix, the like of which had not been made by any kings. He himself wanted to return to France through the Alps Provinces, but, as is said, he was given a potion by a certain Zedekiah the Jew in a place called Nantua, located within the Alps, on the 2nd Nones October, in the 11th year of his age, the 37th of his reign, and the 2nd of his empire. His body was placed in a coffin in the same kingdom until it was transferred to France, which was later transferred to various places.

Buried: Initially in the monastery in Nantua, and then in the basilica of saint Eusebius in Vercelli. Seven years later he was finally buried where he desired, in the Abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris, West Francia
Annales Bertiniani p877-8 (1883)
Karolus vero febre correptus, pulverem bibit, quem sibi nimium dilectus ac credulus medicus suus Iudaeus nomine Sedechias transmisit, ut ea potione a febre liberaretur; insanabili veneno hausto, inter manus portantium, transito monte Cinisio, perveniens ad locum qui Brios1 dicitur, misit pro Richilde, quae erat apud Moriennam, ut ad eum veniret; sicut et fecit. Et 11. die post venenum haustum in vilissimo tugurio mortuus est 2. Nonas Octobris. Quem aperientes qui cum eo erant, ablatis interaneis, et infusum vino ac aromatibus quibus poterant et impositum locello, coeperunt ferre versus monasterium Sancti Dyonisii, ubi sepeliri se postulaverat. Quem pro foetore non valentes portare2, miserunt eum in tonna interius exteriusque picata quam coriis involverunt; quod nihil ad foetorem toilendum profecit. Unde ad cellam quandam monachorum Lugdunensis episcopii quae Nantoadiis3 dicitur vix pervenientes, illud corpus cum ipsa tonna terrae mandaverunt.
1) Vicus inncognitus, fortasse Briançon, non oppidum illud satis notum, sed viculus ad ripam Isarae paulo infra Moustiers-en-Tarentaise. P.
2) Aimoini cont.: sepelierunt eum basilica beati Eusebii martyris in civitate Vercellis, ubi requievit annis septem. Post haec autem per visionem delatum est corpus eius in Francia et honorifice sepultum in basilica beati Dyonisii martyris Parisius.
3) Nantua. 
This roughly translates as:
Charles, however, being seized with a fever, drank a powder which his beloved and trusting physician, a Jew named Zedekiah, had sent to him, that he might be freed from the fever by that potion; having drunk the incurable poison, between the hands of bearers, he crossed Mount Cinisius, and arrived at a place called Brios1, and sent for Richilde, who was at Morienne, to come to him; as she did. And on the 11th day after drinking the poison, he died in a very humble hut, on the 2nd of the Nones of October [6 October]. Opening the body, those who were with him took away the innards, and infused it with whatever wine and spices they could, and laid it on a bed, they began to carry it towards the monastery of Saint Dionysius, where he had asked to be buried. Unable to carry it because of the stench, they put it in a barrel, pierced inside and out, which they wrapped in leather; which did nothing to remove the stench. Whence, scarcely reaching a certain cell of the monks of the bishopric of Lyons, which is called Nantua, they buried the body in the same barrel.
1) An unknown village, perhaps Briançon, not that well-known town, but a hamlet on the bank of the Isère a little below Moustiers-en-Tarentaise. P.
2) Aimoini cont.: they buried him in the basilica of the blessed martyr Eusebius in the city of Vercelli, where he rested for seven years. After this, however, by a vision, his body was brought to France and honorably buried in the basilica of the blessed martyr Dionysius in Paris.

Sources:

Charles III "the Simple"

Charles III the Simple seal
A wax seal of Charles III the Simple, aged 20, dated 24 April 900 (Archives Nationales, Paris K16 no. 2)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Charles III the Simple seal
Another wax seal of Charles III the Simple, now aged 41, dated 22 April 921 (Archives Nationales, Paris K16 no. 9/2)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Birth: 17 September 879

Father: Louis II "the Stammerer"

Mother: Adelaide of Paris

Married (1st): Frederuna in 907

Frederuna died on 10 February 917, and was buried in the abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims.

Children:
Married (2nd): Eadgifu

Children:

Charles fathered at least four other children outside of his marriages "ex concubina".

Children:
Penny from the reign of Charles III
A denier, or penny, from the reign of Charles III, struck in the city of Bourges.
It is inscribed "+ CARLVS INP AVC." on the obverse and "+ BITVRICES CIVIT" on the reverse.
posted on wikipedia
Occupation: King of West Francia and king of Lotharingia

When Carloman II, king of West Francia and Charles's half-brother died in 884, Charles was his heir but he did not immediately succeed to the throne as he was just five years old. Carloman II was succeeded by the Carolingian emperor, Charles the Fat and then Odo in 888. Charles was crowned in Reims on 28 January 893 but only became king on Odo's death in 898. Charles also chosen as king of Lotharingia on the death of Louis the Child who was king of both East Francia and Lotharingia. Charles feuded with the Frankish nobles, and he was deposed on 30 June 922 in favour of Robert I, Odo's brother, and retreated to Lotharingia. Charles returned with an army, but was defeated at the
Battle of Soissons, imprisonment of Charles III and the coronation of Rudolph.
Depiction of (from left to right): the Battle of Soissons, the imprisonment of Charles III and the coronation of Rudolph, created between 1332 and 1350.
illustration in the Chroniques de Saint-Denis manuscript  (Royal 16 G VI f. 248) held at the British Library, posted on wikipedia
Battle of Soissons on 15 June 923, although king Robert was killed in the battle, to be succeeded as king of West Francia by Rudolph on 13 July 923. Ex-king Charles was tricked into capture by Herbert II, comte de Vermandois, and imprisoned at Château-Thierry, then transferred, in 924, to the château de Péronne, where he remained captive for the rest of his life.

Notes:
Richeri Historiarum Liber Primus in Richer: Histoire de son temps pp34-6 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
      XIV. — Mores Karoli.
  Karolus itaque rex creatus, ad multam benivolentiam intendebat. Corpore prestanti, ingenio bono simplicique; exercitiis militaribus non adeo assuefactus, at litteris liberalibus admodum eruditus; in dando profusus, minime avarus; duplici morbo notabilis: libidinis intemperans, ac circa exsequenda juditia paulo neglegentior fuit. Galliarum principes ei animo ac sacramento annexi sunt. Necnon et Rotbertus Odonis regis defuncti frater, vir industrius atque audatia plurimus, sese militaturum regi accommodat. Quem etiam rex Celticæ ducem præficit, ac in ea omnium gerendorum ordinatorem concedit; ejus fere per quadriennium consiiio utens, eique admodum consuescens. A quo per Neustriam deductus, urbibus atque oppidis ab eo receptus est. Urbemque Turonicam petens, plurima auri atque argenti talenta, sancto Martino liberaliter impertit. A cujus servitoribus pro sese fieri deprecationes postulans, perpetim cotidianas obtinuit. Inde quoque omnibus obtentis rediens, Belgicam repetit, ac Sanctum Remigium donis egregiis honorat. Et sic Rotberto Gallia Celtica collata, in Saxoniam secedit; cujus urbes sedesque regias lustrans cum oppidis, nullo renitente obtinuit. Ubi etiam Heinricum regio genere inclitum, ac inde oriundum, ducem omnibus præficit. Sarmatas absque prælio subditos habuit. Anglos quoque ac reliquos transmarinorum populos, mira benivolentia sibi adegit. Vix tamen per decennium.    
This roughly translates as:
      XIV. — The Character of Charles.
  Charles, therefore, having been created king, was intent on much benevolence. Of a fine body, of good nature, and simple; not so much accustomed to military exercises, but very learned in liberal letters; profuse in giving, not at all avaricious; notable for a double disease: intemperate in lust, and somewhat careless in the execution of judgments. The princes of Gaul were attached to him in spirit and oath. Nor did Robert, the brother of the deceased king Odo, a man of great industry and daring, accommodate himself to the king to serve. The king also made him commander of Celtica, and allowed him to organize all things therein; for about four years he used his counsel, and became very accustomed to him. By whom he was led through Neustria, and received by him in cities and towns. And seeking the city of Touraine, he liberally bestowed many talents of gold and silver upon Saint Martin. He constantly obtained daily prayers from his servants. From there, having obtained everything, he returned to Belgium and honored Saint Remigius with excellent gifts. And thus, having given Celtic Gaul to Robert, he retired to Saxony; and having searched its cities and royal seats with its towns, he took it without any resistance. There he also appointed Henry, famous for his royal lineage and a descendant of the same, as commander over all. He had the Sarmatians subdued without a battle. He also won the English and the other peoples of the overseas territories over to him with wonderful goodwill. However, he did so for barely ten years.

Richer describes Charles's capture by Herbert, count of Vermandois
Richeri Historiarum Liber Primus in Richer: Histoire de son temps pp90-2 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
      XLVII. — Rodulfi regis promorio ac Karoli  captio.
  Galli a pertinatia nullatenus quiescentes, Rodulfum Richardi Burgundionis filium accitum, apud urbem Suessonicam, eo licet satis reclamante, regem sibi præfecerunt, virum strenuum, ac littoris liberalibus non mediocriter instructum. Quod Heribertus tantorum malorum incentor sese velle dissimulans, Karolum regem per legatos accersit, tantis fiagiciis se reniti voluisse mandans, sed conjuratorum a multitudine vehementissime suppressum; tunc nullum consilii locum patuisse, nunc vero remedii partem optimam sese reperisse. Unde et maturius accedat, quo ei ipse obvenire valeat; cum paucis tamen, ne, si cum multis adveniant, dissidentium animositate in bellum cogantur. Et pro itineris securitate, si sibi placeat, ab ipsis legatis jurisjurandi fidem accipiat. Rex horum credulus, ab legatis jusjurandum pro fide accepit, ac, sine suorum deliberatione, proditori obvenire non distulit. Et proditor dolos dissimulans y cum paucis æque obvenit. Datisque osculis excepti, familiaribus colloquiis cousi sunt. Et inter loquenduni cohortem armatorum ab abditis evocat, regique incauto indiicit. Qui multitudini reniti non valens, a cohorte captus est; aliquibus cum eo captis, quibusdam etiam interemptis, reliquis quoque fugatis. Ductusque Peronam, carcerali custodiæ deputatur. Germani, rege amisso, in deversa feruntur. Quorum alii de reditu domini elaborant, alii vero a spe dejecti, Rodulfo regi favent, nec tamen in ejus fidem penitus concedunt. Quorum priores exspectatione diutina domini libertatem operientes, Heribertum proditorem de fidei violatione sepe convenerunt, ac inde plurimum apud male conscios conquesti sunt. Quibus persuadere non valentes, de perjurii reatu nihil ruboris incusserunt, cum ira Dei eis immineret.    
This roughly translates as:
      XLVII. — King Rudolf's Proclamation and the Capture of Charles.
  The French, not at all resting from their obstinacy, summoned Rudolf, the son of Richard of Burgundy, and, although he protested sufficiently, made him their king, a vigorous man, and not inconsiderably well-informed by the liberals of the coast. That Herbert, disguising himself as the instigator of so many evils, summoned king Charles by ambassadors, commanding that he had intended to resist with such great force, but had been most vehemently suppressed by the multitude of the conspirators; that then no room for counsel was open, but now he had found the best part of the remedy. Hence he should also come sooner, so that he could meet him himself; with a few, however, lest, if they should come with many, they should be forced into war by the animosity of the dissenters. And for the safety of the journey, if he pleased, he should accept the oath of allegiance from the ambassadors themselves. The king, credulous of these, accepted the oath of allegiance from the ambassadors, and, without the deliberation of his own people, did not delay in meeting the traitor. And the traitor, disguising his deceit, came with a few men. And being greeted with kisses, they were engaged in familiar conversations. And while they were talking, he called out a band of armed men from their hiding places, and denounced the king for his carelessness. Who, unable to resist the multitude, was captured by the band; some were captured with him, some were also killed, and the rest were also put to flight. And being led to Peronne, he was assigned to prison custody. The Germans, having lost their king, were carried away into exile. Some of whom were anxious about the return of their lord, while others, cast down from hope, favored King Rodolfo, but did not yet fully concede his loyalty. The former of whom, covering their lord's freedom with a long expectation, often met with the traitor Herbert about his violation of faith, and from there they complained a great deal to their ill-informed friends. Unable to persuade them, they did not feel any shame about the guilt of perjury, since the wrath of God was threatening them.

Charles III "the Simple"
Charles III "the Simple"
The illustration is titled "CAROLVS SIMPLEX LVD. BALBI. F" i.e. Charles "the Simple" son of Louis "the Stammerer"
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p230 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p229 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
CAROLVS SIMPLEX Francæ Rex. Brabantiæ Dux, & Lotharingiæ quartus, cùm naſceretur: nam pater moriens vxorem reliquerat grauidam: quare Carolus Imperator & Germaniæ Rex, patruelis eius, Tutoris nomine regno præfuit; & eo mortuo, Odo Comes Andegauenſis. At is non tutorem, ſed Regem per nouem annos ſe geſſit. Carolus verò cùm non poſſet Galliâ pellere Normannos, pacem cum iis iniit; qua conceſſit eis Neustriam habitandam; quæ ab aliis Normandia exinde eſt appellata. At non diu Barbaris pax ſtetit, veniunt obſeſſum Pariſios. Iam ſecundò in pacem iuratur. Robertus Comes Pariſienſis deficit à Carolo, ſed prælio victus interficitur. Rex autem paulo pòſt infidiis Herberti Comitis, qui Roberti frater erat, circumuentus capitur, & Peronæ in vinculis moritur, poſtquam XV. ſolus regnaſſet annis, IↃ.CCCCLV.
Vxor.
  Oignia conſors thalami, filia Eduwardi Regis Angliæ.
Filium.
  Lodouicus Simplex.
This roughly translates as:
CHARLES THE SIMPLE, king of France. Duke of Brabant, and fourth of Lorraine, when he was born: for his father dying had left a pregnant wife: wherefore Charles, emperor and king of Germany, his cousin, governed the kingdom as regent; and when he died, Odo, count of Anjou. But he did not act as regent, but as king for nine years. But Charles, since he could not drive the Normans out of Gaul, made peace with them; by which he granted them Neustria to inhabit; which was thenceforth called Normandy by others. But the peace of the Barbarians did not last long, they came to besiege Paris. Now peace was sworn for the second time. Robert, count of Paris, surrendered to Charles, but was defeated in battle and killed. But the king, a little later, was outwitted by the treachery of count Herbert, who was Robert's brother, and was captured, and died in chains at Peronne, after reigning for only fifteen years, 955.
Wife:
Oignia consort of the bedchamber, daughter of Edward, King of England.
Son.
Louis the Simple.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 5 pp916-7 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1910)
  CHARLES III., the Simple (879-929), king of France, was a posthumous son of Louis the Stammerer and of his second wife Adelaide. On the deposition of Charles the Fat in 887 he was excluded from the throne by his youth; but during the reign of Odo, who had succeeded Charles, he succeeded in gaining the recognition of a certain number of notables and in securing his coronation at Reims on the 28th of January 893. He now obtained the alliance of the emperor, and forced Odo to cede part of Neustria. In 898, by the death of his rival (Jan. 1), he obtained possession of the whole kingdom. His most important act was the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with the Normans in 911. Some of them were baptized; the territory which was afterwards known as the duchy of Normandy was ceded to them; but the story of the marriage of their chief Rollo with a sister of the king, related by the chronicler Dudo of Saint Quentin, is very doubtful. The same year Charles, on the invitation of the barons, took possession of the kingdom of Lotharingia. In 920 the barons, jealous of the growth of the royal authority and discontented with the favour shown by the king to his counsellor Hagano, rebelled, and in 922 elected Robert, brother of King Odo, in place of Charles. Robert was killed in the battle of Soissons, but the victory remained with his party, who elected Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, king. In his extremity Charles trusted himself to Herbert, count of Vcrmandois, who deceived him, and threw him into confinement at Château-Thierry and afterwards at Péronne. In the latter town he died on the 7th of October 929. In 907 he had married Fredcrona, sister of Bovo, bishop of Chalons. After her death he married Eadgyfu (Odgiva), daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the English, who was the mother of Louis IV.
  See A. Eckel, Charles le Simple (Paris, 1899).

Death: 7 October 929, in prison, in Péronne, West Francia
Flodoardi annales in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 3 p378 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1839)
  Anno 929
... Karolus quoque rex apud Perronam obiit.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 929 ... King Charles also died at Perron.

Richeri Historiarum Liber Primus in Richer: Histoire de son temps p104 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
    LVI. — Karoli obitus.
  Karolus post hæc tedio et angore deficiens, in machronosiam decidit; humoribusque noxiis vexatus, post multum languorem vita privatus est.    
This roughly translates as:
     LVI. — Death of Charles.
  Charles, after this, failing from weariness and anguish, fell into a chronic debility; and, troubled by noxious humours, after much languor, was deprived of his life.

Buried: in the abbey of Saint-Fursym near Péronne, West Francia

Sources:

Charles de Lorraine

Lothair and Charles of Lorraine
Lothair (left) and Charles of Lorraine (right) as depicted in the Wolfenbüttel manuscript of the Chronica sancti Pantaleonis from the second half of the 12th century
illustration from the Chronica St. Pantaleonis posted on wikipedia
Birth: 953, in Laon, in the kingdom of the Franks
Flodoardi annales in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 3 p402 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1839)
  Anno 953
... Interea Gerberga regina Lauduni geminos est enixa, quorum unus Karolus, alter vocatus est Heinricus; sed Heinricus mox post baptismum defunctus est.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 953 … Meanwhile, Queen Gerberga gave birth to twins at Laudun, one of whom was called Charles, the other Henry, but Henry died soon after baptism.

Father: Louis IV d'Outremer

Mother: Gerberga of Saxony

Married: Adelaide

Children:
Occupation: Duke of Lower Lotharingia

Notes:
Charles was a younger son of the French king, Louis IV. After his brother, Lothair, ascended to the throne, Charles remained in the royal household, initially working with Lothair to capture lands in Hainaut, but he feuded with his sister-in-law, Emma, who regarded him as a succession threat to her own sons. In 976 Charles accused Emma of having an affair with the bishop Adalberon of Laon, and was banished from the court. He found refuge with his cousin, Otto II, the Holy Roman Emperor, who made him duke of Lower Lotharingia. Otto and Lothair were at war in 978, and in a counter attack Charles captured the city of Laon, the king's seat, and was briefly crowned king of France. Later in the year, Lothair recaptured Laon, chasing Charles back to Germany. Lothair died in 986 and a year later his only living son, Louis, also died childless.
Charles asserted his heriditary claim to the French throne. But bishop Adalberon convinced the assembly of Frankish nobles that the crown was elective rather than hereditary and that Charles was unworthy of the kingship. The assembly then elected Hugh Capet as the next king. Charles contested the election and went to war with Hugh retaking Laon, and briefly taking Emma captive, but Charles was betrayed by bishop Adalberon who entered Laon as a peace mediator but instead seized Charles in his sleep on 26 March 991, and handed him to Hugh Capet who imprisoned in Orleans until his death, probably in the following year.

The official founding of the city of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, transferred the relics of the martyr Saint Gudula from Moorsel to Saint Gaugericus' chapel on Saint-Géry Island, and ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification.

A much more complete account of Charles's life, in French, is in Les derniers Carolingiens (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)

Charles de Lorraine
Charles, duke of Brabant and Lower Lotharingia
The illustration is titled "CAROLVS LVD. SIMPL. F" i.e. Charles "the Thick" son of Louis "the Simple"
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p234 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p233 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
CAROLVS DVX BRABANTIÆ & Lotharingiæ ſextus, mortuo Lodouico Fratris ſui Lotharij filio, Rege Francorum, ſine liberis, Franciæ fines ad ius regni, (quod ei iure debebatur) capeſſendum ingreſſus obuium cum armato milite habuit Hugonem Capetum regni æmulum. Pugnatur vtrinque ſummis viribus. Bis vincit Carolus, at tertio victus, aufugit in oppidum Laudunum, quod Anſelmi Antiſtitis proditione traditur hoſtibus. Cóprehéditur Carolus, & Aureliis in vincula ittitur, vbi poſtea mœrore cóficitur, Ano humanæ ſalutis IↃ.CCCC.LXXXVI.
  De huius bellis ſacris lege Ioan. Molanum lib. De militia ſacra Ducum Brabantiæ, cap.XXIII.
Liberi.
  Otto ſucceſſit Patri.
  Gerberga nupſit fratri Comitis Hannoniæ, accepit in dotem Comitatum Louanienſem, Bruxellenſem, & Marchionatum S. Imperij.
  Ermgundis habuit maritum Comitem Hannoniæ.
This roughly translates as:
CHARLES, DUKE OF BRABANT and LOTHINGARIA, the sixth. After the death of Louis, son of his brother Lothair, king of the Franks, without children, he entered the borders of France to seize the right of the kingdom (which was rightfully his), and was met with an armed soldier by Hugh Capet, a rival of the kingdom. Both sides fought with great strength. Charles was victorious twice, but defeated the third time, and fled to the town of Laon, which was handed over to the enemies by the treachery of Anselm the Bishop. Charles was captured and sent to Aurelius in chains, where he later died of grief, Year of Human Salutations 986.
On this sacred war according to the law of John Molans, book. On the sacred military service of the Dukes of Brabant, chapter XXIII.
Children.
  Otto succeeded his father.
  Gerberga married the brother of the count of Hannonia, and received as dowry the counties of Louvain, Brussels, and the Marchioness of the Holy Empire.
  Ermgundis had a husband, the count of Hannonia.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 5 p934 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1910)
  CHARLES I. (c. 950-c. 992), duke of Lower Lorraine, was a younger son of the Frankish king Louis IV., and consequently a member of the Carolingian family. Unable to obtain the duchy of Burgundy owing to the opposition of his brother, King Lothair, he went to the court of his maternal uncle, the emperor Otto the Great, about 965, and in 977 received from the emperor Otto II. the duchy of Lower Lorraine. His authority in Lorraine was nominal; but he aided Otto in his struggle with Lothair, and on the death of his nephew, Louis V., made an effort to secure the Frankish crown. Hugh Capet, however, was the successful candidate and war broke out. Charles had gained some successes and had captured Reims, when in 991 he was treacherously seized by Adalberon, bishop of Laon, and handed over to Hugh. Imprisoned with his wife and children at Orleans, Charles did not long survive his humiliation. His eldest son Otto, duke of Lower Lorraine, died in 1005.

Death: Charles died on 22 June, probably in the year 992, in prison, in Orleans, West Francia
Les derniers Carolingiens pp277-8 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
  A partir de ce moment, le sort des derniers Carolingiens devient très obscur. Charles parait avoir été transféré avec sa femme, ses enfants et Arnoul dans la prison que les Capétiens possédaient à Orléans. Sigebert de Gembloux fait mourir Charles en 991, c’est-à-dire l’année même où il fut trahi, mais ce chroniqueur seïuble avoir confondu la date de sa mort avec celle de sa captivité. Il vivait probablement encore en janvier 992. L’Art de vérifier les dates le fait mourir cette même année, le 21 mai, mais la date d’année ne repose sur aucun fondement solide et la date du mois est fausse; en effet, Ernst, qui a eu entre îes mains le Nécrologe de Liège, nous apprend que sa commémoration y est indiquée au 22 juin en ces termes: «X. kl. julii commemoratio ducis.» Charles était déjà mort probablement en 995.
This roughly translates as:
  From this moment on, the fate of the last Carolingians becomes very obscure. Charles appears to have been transferred with his wife, his children and Arnoul to the prison that the Capetians possessed at Orléans. Sigebert of Gembloux has Charles dying in 991, that is to say the very year in which he was betrayed, but this chronicler seems to have confused the date of his death with that of his captivity. He was probably still alive in January 992. L’Art de vérifier les dates has him dying that same year, on May 21, but the date of the year is not based on any solid foundation and the date of the month is false; indeed, Ernst, who had in his hands the Nécrologe de Liège, tells us that his commemoration is indicated there on June 22 in these terms: "X. kl. julii commemoratio ducis." Charles was probably already dead in 995.

Tomb of Charles de Lorraine
Charles's sarcophagus in the kleine crypte ("small crypt") of the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht
photo from wikipedia
Buried: in 1001, in the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht, duchy of Lower Lorraine

Les derniers Carolingiens pp278-9 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
  En 1606, un antiquaire liégeois trouva dans la crypte de Saint-Servais de Maastricht un sarcophage en plomb surlequel était gravée l’inscription suivante eu caractères du XI siècle:
    KAROLI COM. CEN.....
    SE STIRPIS FILII LOTHUICI
    FRATRIS LOTHARII
    FRANCOR REG
    ANNO DNI. MI
Ce qu’un érudit du nom de Paquot restitua: Karoli comtis generose stirpis filii Lothvici, fratris Lotharii, Francorum regum. Anno Domini 1001. Le P. Papebroch en avait conclu que Charles, ayant renoncé à ses droits à la couronne de France, s’était retiré à Maëstricht et y était mort en 1001. Cette opinion fut généralement adoptée. Mais à la fin du XVIIIo siècle, le chanoine Ernst fit observer que cette inscription pourrait simplement indiquer que le corps de Charles aurait été transporté à Maëstricht en l’an 1001.
  Nous devons ajouter que nous ne sommes nullement certain de l’authenticité de cette épitaphe. Tout ce que nous pouvons dire, c’est qu’il n’est pas invraisemblable qu’Otton, fils aîné de Charles, et duc de Basse-Lorraine, ait obtenu le corps de son père après sa mort, et l’ait enterré à Maëstricht. Cette ville était voisine de ses domaines et nous allons voir qu’il eut des relations plus ou moins heureuses avec une abbaye de cette région et mourut lui-même à Maëstricht.
This roughly translates as:
  In 1606, an antiquary from Liège found in the crypt of Saint-Servais in Maastricht a lead sarcophagus on which was engraved the following inscription in 11th century characters:
 KAROLI COM. CEN.....
 SE STIRPIS FILII LOTHUICI
 FRATRIS LOTHARII
 FRANCOR REG
 ANNO DNI. MI
What a scholar named Paquot restored: Karoli comtis generose stirpis filii Lothvici, fratris Lotharii, Francorum regum. Anno Domini 1001. Father Papebroch concluded that Charles, having renounced his rights to the crown of France, had retired to Maestricht and died there in 1001. This opinion was generally adopted. But at the end of the 18th century, Canon Ernst observed that this inscription could simply indicate that Charles's body was transported to Maastricht in the year 1001.
  We must add that we are by no means certain of the authenticity of this epitaph. All we can say is that it is not unlikely that Otto, Charles's eldest son and Duke of Lower Lorraine, obtained his father's body after his death and buried it in Maastricht. This town was close to his domains, and we shall see that he had more or less happy relations with an abbey in this region and himself died in Maastricht.

Sources:

Gerberge de Lorraine

Lambert and Gerberga
Lambertvs et Geerberga
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p238 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Father: Charles de Lorraine

Mother: Adelaide

Married: Lambert de Louvain

Children:
Notes:
Iacobi de Guisia Annales Hannoniae vol 9 p184 in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 30 (1896)
Cap. XL. Oppinio abbatis Sancti Trudonis de ducibus Bracbancie et de terminatione Karlentium.
  Ex historia dompni Guillermi abbatis Sancti Trudonis Hasbaniensis in ducentesimo XXV versu libri 2 cronicarum suarum: Lambertus, filius Rignerii comitis Montensis, fuit comes Lovaniensis. Hic Gebergam filiam Karoli ducis Lotharingie, postmodum regis Francie, desponsavit. Ab hiis enim descenderunt comites Lovanienses et duces Brabancie. Hec in interlineari glosa versuum. Versus vero repperi tales, ubi, postquam multa de Hugone dicta sunt, sic dicit:
    Sic tua res agitur, dux Karole, sicque ducatum
        Lotharicum perdis, dum tua regna petis.
    Filius Otto tamen tibi dux succedit in illo,
        Quem sibi confirmat imperialis apex.
    Huic quoque germanam dant cronica scripta sororem
        Nomine Gebergam, que michi visa fuit.
    Hanc sibi Lambertus despondit, quem Raginerum
        Hanonie comitem progenuisse ferunt.
    Huic quoque Henricus successit filius Otto,
        Quem sequitur frustra, nam sine prole fuit.
    Hunc quoque subsequitur Lambertus, patruus eius,
        Qui regit has terras Lovanioque preest,
    Nonne vides igitur, quam clari sanguinis istos
        Vena venustavit? Troyca quippe fuit.
This roughly translates as:
Chapter 40. The opinion of Abbot Saint Trudon concerning the dukes of Brabant and the termination of the Charlemagnes.
  From the history of Lord William, Abbot Saint Trudon of Hasbani, in the 225th verse of Book 2 of his chronicles: Lambert, son of Rigner, Count of Montagne, was Count of Louvain. He betrothed Geberga, daughter of Charles, Duke of Lotharingia, afterwards King of France. For from these descended the counts of Louvain and the dukes of Brabant. This is in the interlinear gloss of the verses. I have found such verses, where, after much has been said about Hugh, he says thus:
    Thus goes your business, Duke Charles, and thus you lose the duchy of Lotharingia, while you seek your kingdom.
    However, your son Otto succeeds you as duke in that, whom the imperial apex confirms to himself.
    The chronicles also give him a sister of the same name, named Geberga, who appeared to me.
    Lambert betrothed her to him, whom they say bore Count Raginer of Hanover.
    This too was succeeded by Henry's son Otto, whom he follows in vain, for he was without issue.
    This too is followed by Lambert, his uncle, who rules these lands and presides over Louvain,
    Do you not see then how these men of illustrious blood have been made beautiful by the blood? For she was a Trojan.

After Lambert's death Gerberga tried to make amends for his soul with gifts to the church.
Recuiel des chartes de l'Abbaye de Gembloux p33 (ed. C. G. Roland, 1921)
Gerberge, veuve de Lambert, comte de Louvain, donne à l’abbaye de Gembloux, avec l’assentiment du comte Henri, son fils, sa propriété dite Tortouse dans la, paroisse de Baisy, pour le repos de l’âme de son mari, tué à la bataille de Florennes (12 septembre 1015).
      [Vers 1016]
  Acte perdu. — La donation est rapportée en ces termes par Sigebert (SS, t. VIII, p. 537). « Eodem quoque tempore commissa pugna in Florinis inter Lambertum comitem, filium Ragineri Longicolli, et Godefridum ducem, cum Lambertus ibidem gladiis cesus accepisset vitae finem, conjunx ejux Gerberga nobilissima, peccatis viri sui compuncta, cum animae ejus absolutionem et requiem quaereret per elemosinarum remedia, voluit ut etiam aecclesia Gemmelacensis, cujus ipse comes defensor fuerat, ex debito animae ipsius persolveret jugiter orationum munia. Unde salubri accepto consilio, annitente sibi filio suo comite Heinrico, fundum proprietatis suae quod Tortosa vocatur in parochia Basciu tradidit Gemmelacensi loco ».
This roughly translates as:
Gerberge, widow of Lambert, Count of Louvain, donates to the Abbey of Gembloux, with the consent of her son Count Henri, her property called Tortouse in the parish of Baisy, for the repose of the soul of her husband, killed at the Battle of Florennes (September 12, 1015).
    [Circa 1016]
Deed lost. — The donation is reported in these terms by Sigebert (SS, t. VIII, p. 537). "At the same time, a battle was fought in Florina between Count Lambert, son of Raginer Longicoll, and Duke Godfrey. When Lambert fell there by the sword and received the end of his life, the most noble Gerberga, who was conjoined with him, remorseful for her husband's sins, and seeking absolution and repose for his soul through the remedies of alms, wanted the church of Gemmelac, of which he himself had been the defender, to continually pay the duties of prayer out of the debt owed to his soul. Hence, having received wholesome advice, with the consent of her son Count Henry, she gave the estate of her property which is called Tortosa in the parish of Basciu instead of Gemmelac."

Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p238 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
LAMBERTVS ET GERBERGA. Gerberga ſoror & heres Ducis Ottonis, cum non minus iniuſte quàm impiè à fraterna hereditate excluderetur, retinuit ſibi Comitatus Louanienſem & Bruxellenſem, atque Marchionatum S. Imperij, quos à Patre in dotem acceperat, ac Ducis titulo abſtinuit. At Lambertus coniux parta de Leodienſibus victoria elatus, amiſſa recuperare conatus bello aggreditur Godefridum Arduennenſem, vbi prælio victus cecidit anno 1014. relicto filio Henrico ſeniori Comite, qui è coniuge Gertrude filia Roberti Friſonis Comitis Flandriæ, liberos ſuſtulit Lambertum Comitem & ſucceſſorem; & Idam quæ nupſit Baldowino Comiti Flandriæ & Hannoniæ; & Machtildem quæ ſociata fuit coniugali vinculo Euſtachio Comiti Bolonienſi, Lamberto in prælio cæſo ſucceſſit Henricus alter cius filius, ex vxore Oeda filia Comitis Arduennenfis prognatus. Ceperat hic prælio nobilem quendam Hermannum nomine, qui dum Louanii in aula Comitis ſub libera cuſtodia ageret, nocte quadam cubiculum Comitis dormientis clam ingreſſus eum obtruncat, & aufugit. 1078. Henricus tertius eius filius ſucceſſit: duxerat hic ſororem Ducis Thuringiæ ex qua ſuſcepit Henricum qui prælio Tornacenſi ſuccubuit anno 1096. & Godefridus qui Lotharingiam & Brabantiam recepit.
This roughly translates as:
LAMBERT AND GERBERGA. Gerberga, the sister and heir of Duke Otto, when she was no less unjustly than impiously excluded from her brother's inheritance, retained for herself the counties of Louvain and Brussels, and the Marchioness of the Holy Empire, which she had received from her father as a dowry, and abstained from the title of Duke. But Lambert, her husband, elated by the victory won over the Leidens, attempted to recover the lost property by war and attacked Godfrey of Arduenne, where he was defeated in battle and fell in 1014, leaving behind his son Henry the elder count, who by his wife Gertrude, daughter of Robert the Frisian, Count of Flanders, had children: Lambert, count and successor; and Ida, who married Baldwin, count of Flanders and Hanover; and Mathilda, who was united in marriage to Eustace, count of Boulogne. Lambert was killed in battle and succeeded by his second son Henry, born of his wife Oeda, daughter of the count of Arduenne. He had captured in battle a certain nobleman named Hermann, who, while he was acting under free custody in the count's court at Louvain, one night secretly entered the count's sleeping chamber, beheaded him, and fled. 1078. Henry, his third son, succeeded him: he had married the sister of the Duke of Thuringia, by whom he had Henry, who succumbed at the battle of Tournai in 1096, and Godfrey, who recovered Lotharingia and Brabant.

In 991, as a child, Gerberga was imprisoned with her parents at a prison in Orleans.
Les derniers Carolingiens pp277-82 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
  A partir de ce moment, le sort des derniers Carolingiens devient très obscur. Charles parait avoir été transféré avec sa femme, ses enfants et Arnoul dans la prison que les Capétiens possédaient à Orléans. Sigebert de Gembloux fait mourir Charles en 991, c’est-à-dire l’année même où il fut trahi, mais ce chroniqueur seïuble avoir confondu la date de sa mort avec celle de sa captivité.
… Nous pensons qu’après la mort de Charles, arrivée à Orléans peu après 992, Hugues Capet relâcha sa femme et ses filles, laissa à Orléans Arnoul (le fait est certain)
This roughly translates as:
  From this point on, the fate of the last Carolingians becomes very obscure. Charles appears to have been transferred with his wife, children, and Arnoul to the prison that the Capetians held in Orléans. Sigebert of Gembloux has Charles dying in 991, that is, the very year he was betrayed, but this chronicler seems to have confused the date of his death with that of his captivity.
… We believe that after Charles's death, arriving in Orléans shortly after 992, Hugh Capet released his wife and daughters, leaving Arnoul in Orléans (this is a fact).
pp287-9
  Le mariage de Gerberge avec Lambert, comte de Hainaut et de Louvain, nous semble en revanche parfaitement historique. Il nous est d’abord attesté par la Chronographia de Sigebert de Gembloux: «Raginerus Hathuidem filiam, Hugonis postea regis, Lantbertus vero Gerbergam, filiam Karoli ducis, duxere uxores.» Sigebert a seulement le tort de mettre ces événements en 977. Cette date est celle du mariage de Charles et non de ses filles. Le mariage de Hathuide, fille de Hugues Capet, avec Renier, comte de Hainaut, nous est raconté dans un diplôme de Philippe Ier. Richer nous est garant que Charles avait bien une fille du nom de Gerberge. Les Gesta abbatum Gemblacensium, composés par le même Sigebert nous fournissent un témoignage encore plus sûr que la Chronographia: Lambert, époux de Gerberge, put se croire des droits au duché de Basse-Lorraine quand Otton, frère de sa femme, mourut vers l’an 1012. Nous avons vu que le duché fut alors donné à Godefroi II, comte de Verdun. Trompé dans son ambition, Lambert s’allia avec sou neveu Renier (fils d’Hathuide et de Renier IV) et livra bataille à Godefroi et à son frère Hermann. Il fut vaincu et tué à Florines le 12 septembre 1015. Sa veuve Gerberge et son fils Henri firent a l’abbaye de Gembloux pour le repos de son âme, des donations qui furent confirmées par l’empereur Henri II se trouvant à Liège le 27 janvier 1018. Sigebert, qui était moine de Gembloux, a eu ces chartes entre les mains, il nous en a donné le résumé et a même transcrit le diplôme de Henri II. On comprend maintenant pourquoi nous attachons tant de prix à son témoignage. D’après la troisième continuation des Gestes des abbés de Saint-Trond, Gerberge aurait apporté en dot à Lambert, comte de Hainaut, la partie du Brabant qui comprend Bruxelles et Louvain. Lambert a-t-il acquis Louvain et Bruxelles par sa femme ou bien ces villes lai venaient-elles de son grand-oncle Gilbert, duc de Basse-Lorraine? C’est assez difficile à dire. Remarquons toutefois que Charles, père de Gerberge, possédait Bruxelles, et il est bien probable que Louvain, si rapproché de Bruxelles, ne formait avec cette ville qu’un seul comté.
This roughly translates as:
  Gerberga’s marriage to Lambert, Count of Hainaut and Louvain, on the other hand, seems perfectly historical to us. It is first attested to by the Chronographia of Sigebert of Gembloux: "Raginer married Hathuid, the daughter of king Hugh, and Lambert married Gerberga, the daughter of duke Charles." Sigebert only makes the mistake of placing these events in 977. This date is that of Charles’s marriage and not that of his daughters. The marriage of Hathuide, daughter of Hugh Capet, to Renier, count of Hainaut, is recounted in a diploma from Philip I. Richer guarantees that Charles did indeed have a daughter named Gerberga. The Gesta abbatum Gemblacensium, composed by the same Sigebert, provides us with even more reliable evidence than the Chronographia: Lambert, husband of Gerberga, could have believed he had the right to the duchy of Lower Lorraine when Otto, his wife’s brother, died around the year 1012. We have seen that the duchy was then given to Godfrey II, count of Verdun. Deceived in his ambition, Lambert allied himself with his nephew Renier (son of Hathuide and Renier IV) and gave battle to Godfrey and his brother Hermann. He was defeated and killed at Florines on September 12, 1015. His widow Gerberga and his son Henry made donations to the abbey of Gembloux for the repose of his soul, which were confirmed by Emperor Henry II, who was in Liège on January 27, 1018. Sigebert, who was a monk of Gembloux, had these charters in his hands, he gave us a summary and even transcribed Henry II’s diploma. We now understand why we attach so much importance to his testimony. According to the third continuation of the Gestes des abbés de Saint-Trond, Gerberga brought as dowry to Lambert, count of Hainaut, the part of Brabant that includes Brussels and Louvain. Did Lambert acquire Louvain and Brussels through his wife or did these lay cities come from his great-uncle Gilbert, duke of Lower Lorraine? It is rather difficult to say. Let us note, however, that Charles, father of Gerberga, owned Brussels, and it is very likely that Louvain, so close to Brussels, formed only one county with this city.

Death: The newer epitaph in Nivelles states that Gerberga died in 1016, although the original, transcribed in 1318, says she was laid to rest "a few years later" than her husband who died in 1015. Gerberga's donation to the abbey was confirmed by the emperor Henry II on 27 January 1018, making it likely that she was still alive at that date.

Buried: in the Collegiate Church of St. Gertrude in Nivelles, in modern-day Belgium
Annales de la Société archéologique de l'arrondissement de Nivelles vol 4 p58 (1894)
ÉPITAPHIER DE NIVELLES
    Près du Maitre- Autel dans le pavement
Reposent en cette collégiale les très
hauts et très puissants Princes les ducs
de brabant de Glorieuse mémoire
PEPIN 1er père de Ste Gertrude le 21 février
l’an 646.
OTTHON l’an 1005 GERBERGA sa sœur
aiant épousé LAMBERT Comte de Mons
et de Louvain deceda l’an 1016, et luy
l’an 1015. HENRI 1er fils du Comte LAMBERT
l’an 1038. LAMBERT son frère l’an 1051.
HENRI 2e l’an 1068. HENRI 3e l’an 1090
HENRI 4e l’an 1095
This roughly translates as:
EPITAPHES OF NIVELLES
    Near the High Altar in the pavement
Repose in this collegiate church the very high and very powerful Princes, the Dukes of Brabant, of glorious memory.
PEPIN I, father of St. Gertrude, on February 21, in the year 646.
OTTO I, in the year 1005. GERBERGA, his sister, having married LAMBERT, Count of Mons and Louvain, died in the year 1016, and he died in the year 1015. HENRY I, son of Count LAMBERT, in the year 1038. LAMBERT, his brother, in the year 1051.
HENRY II, in the year 1068. HENRY III, in the year 1090.
HENRY IV, in the year 1095.
pp424-5
  Nous avons mentionné à la page 58 de notre épitaphier la dalle tumulaire moderne rappelant que certains ducs de Brabant ont été inhumés à Nivelles. Trois épitaphes de ces princes ont été conservées dans l’ouvrage de A Thymo et sont reproduites dans le cours d’histoire nationale de Mgr Namèche.
  Le comte Lambert, dit celui-ci, premier comte de Louvain, reçut la sépulture dans l’église de Nivelles, dont il était avoué.
  Quelques années plus tard, sa pieuse épouse Gerberge vint y reposer à ses côtés. En note au bas de la page on lit: A Thymo nous a conservé l’épitaphe inscrite sur sa tombe et y a joint quelques détails sur les derniers jours de la pieuse princesse: “Filiis suis Grcrberga, post mortem Lamberti sui mariti, comitatus suos et terras resignans, apud Nivellam inter sanctimoniales viduitatiatis castitatem servavit, et tandem moriens in ecclesia sanctæ Gertrudis sepulturam accepit, cujus hoc epithafium fuit:
    Inclita Gerberga Bruxellensis comilissa
    Ex Karoli stirpe Magni tune sola remansit.
    Cui conjunctus erat sacro nexu maritali
    Belliger egregius Lambertus Lovanionsis.
    Proch dolor! his regno spoliatis atque ducatu
    Lovanium tantura necnon Bruxella remansit.”
  Jean de Klerk, qui commença sa chronique rimée en 1318, assure avoir vu à Nivelles la tombe et l’épitaphe de Gerberge.
This roughly translates as:
  On page 58 of our epitaph, we mentioned the modern tombstone recalling that certain Dukes of Brabant were buried in Nivelles. Three epitaphs of these princes were preserved in A. Thymo's work and are reproduced in Bishop Namèche's national history course.
  Count Lambert, known as the latter, first count of Louvain, was buried in the church of Nivelles, where he was a lawyer.
  A few years later, his pious wife Gerberga came to rest there beside him. A footnote at the bottom of the page reads: A. Thymo has preserved for us the epitaph inscribed on her tomb and has included some details about the pious princess's last days: “Gerberga, after the death of her husband Lambert, resigned her counties and lands to her sons, and at Nivelles among the nuns preserved her chastity as a widow, and finally, dying, she was buried in the church of Saint Gertrude, whose epitaph was this:
    The illustrious Gerberga of Brussels, the wife of Charles the Great
    She was then the only one left of the stock of Charlemagne.
    To whom was joined by a sacred marital bond
    The eminent warrior Lambert of Louvain.
    Alas! having been stripped of their kingdom and duchy
    Louvain remained as a mere city and Brussels.”
  Jean de Klerk, who began his rhymed chronicle in 1318, claims to have seen Gerberga's tomb and epitaph in Nivelles.

Sources:

Louis I "the Pious"

Louis the Pious
Contemporary depiction from 826 of Louis the Pious as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem by Rabanus Maurus overlaid The illustration is from the Biblioteca Apostolica, Codex Reg. lat 124, f.4v in the Vatican Library.
posted on wikipedia
Seal of Louis the Pious
A wax seal of Louis the Pious dated 2 May 816 (Marburg Staatsarchiv R1a 816 May 2)
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Birth: 16 April 778 at the Carolingian villa of Cassinogilum; the place is usually identified with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers.

Father: Charlemagne

Mother: Hildegarde

Married (1st): Ermengarde in 794 or 795

Ermengarde was the daughter of Ingram, count of Haspen. She died on 3 October 818 in Angers, three days after falling ill, and was buried in there.

Children:
Married (2nd): Judith of Bavaria in February 819, possibly in Aachen where Louis is known to have spent the Christmas prior.

Annales Xantenses in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 2 p224 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1829)
  Anno 819. Mense Februario Ludewicus imperator accepit sibi in coniugium Iudith ad imperatricem.
This roughly translates as:
  In the year 819. In the month of February, Emperor Louis took Judith, the empress, to be his wife.

Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 2 p596 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1829)
[818]  26. Sequenti vero anno accepit filiam Hwelfi ducis sui, qni erat de nobilissima progenie Bawariorum, et nomen virginis Judith, quae erat ex parte matris, cuius nomen Eigilwi, nobilissimi generis Saxonici; eamque reginam constituit. Erat enim pulchra yalde.
This roughly translates as:
[818] The following year he took the daughter of his duke Huelfi, who was of the most noble lineage of the Bavarians, and the maiden name Judith, who was on the mother's side, whose name was Eigilwi, of the most noble lineage of the Saxons; and he made her queen. For she was a beautiful maiden.
p624
819  32. … Qua tempestate monitu suorum uxoriam meditabatur inire copulam; timebatur enim a multis, ne regni vellet relinquere gubernacula. Tandemque eorum voluntati satisfaciens, et undecumque adductas procerum filias inspitiens, Iudith, filiam Welponis nobilissimi comitis in matrimonium iunxit.
This roughly translates as:
819 32. … At this time, at the advice of his relatives, he was contemplating taking a wife; for many feared that he would not wish to relinquish the reins of the kingdom. And finally, satisfying their wishes, and defying the daughters of the nobles who were brought from everywhere, he married Judith, the daughter of the most noble count of Welpon.

Royal Frankish annals p105 (trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz, 1970)
    819
… An assembly was held at Aachen after Christmas at which many matters regarding the condition of the churches and monasteries were brought up and settled. Some greatly needed chapters, as yet still lacking, were drawn up and added to the laws. When this was done, the emperor married Judith, daughter of Count Welf, after looking over many daughters of the nobility.

Children:
Penny from the reign of Louis the Pious
A contemporary likeness on a denier, or penny, from the reign of Louis the Pious, minted at Sens between 818 and 823.
photo by PHGCOM of a coin held at the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, posted on wikipedia
Louis had two other children outside of his marriages.

Children:
Occupation: Emperor and king of the West Franks
Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine in Rome on 15 April 781. He was crowned co-emperor of the Carolingian empire at Aix-la-Chapelle on 11 September 813 and became sole ruler in January 814. He was crowned emperor in October 816, at Reims, by Pope Stephen IV.

Notes:
Royal Frankish annals pp130-40 (trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz, 1970)
  Louis was the heir of all this excellence. He was the youngest of Charles’s legitimate sons and succeeded to the throne after the death of the others. As soon as he had certain news of his father’s death, he came straightway from Aquitaine to Aachen. No one objected when he asserted his authority over the nobles arriving on the scene but reserved judgment on those whose loyalty seemed doubtful. At the beginning of his rule as emperor he ordered the immense treasures left by his father to be divided into three parts; one part he spent on the funeral; the other two parts he divided between himself and those of his sisters who were born in lawful wedlock. He also ordered his sisters to remove themselves instantly from the palace to their monasteries. His brothers Drogo, Hugo, and Theodoric, who were still very young, he made companions of his table and ordered to be brought up in his palace.4 To his nephew Bernard, Pepin’s son, he [817] granted the kingdom of Italy. Since Bernard defected from Louis a little later, he was taken prisoner and deprived of his sight as well as his life by Bertmund, governor of the province of Lyons. From that time on Louis feared that his younger brothers might later stir up the people and behave like Bernard. He therefore had them appear before his general assembly, tonsured them, and put them under free custody into monasteries.
  When this had been taken care of, he made his sons enter legal marriages and divided the whole empire among them so that Pepin was to have Aquitaine, Louis Bavaria, and Lothair, after his father’s death, the whole empire. He also permitted Lothair to hold the title of emperor with him. In the meantime Queen Irmengardis, their mother, died, and a short time later Emperor Louis married Judith, [823] who gave birth to Charles.
  After Charles’s birth, Louis did not know what to do for him since he had already divided the whole empire among his other sons. When the distressed father begged their help on Charles’s behalf, Lothair finally gave his assent and swore that his father should give to Charles whatever part of the kingdom he wished. He assured Louis by oath that in the future he would be Charles’s protector and defender against all enemies. But after being incited by Hugo, whose daughter Lothair had married, Mathfrid, and others, he later regretted what he had done and tried to undo it. This behavior did not in the least escape his father and Judith. So from then on Lothair secretly sought to destroy what his father had arranged. To help him counter Lothair’s plot the father employed a man named Bernard, who was duke of Septimania. He appointed Bernard his chamberlain, entrusted Charles to him, and made him the second man in the empire. Bernard recklessly abused the imperial power which he was supposed to strengthen and undermined it entirely.
[Aug. 829]  At that time Alamannia was handed over to Charles by decree. Lothair, as if he had at last found a good reason to complain, called upon his brothers and the whole people to restore authority and order in the empire. They all suddenly converged on Louis at Compiègne, [April 830] made the queen take the veil, tonsured her brothers, Conrad and Rudolf, and sent them to Aquitaine to be held by Pepin.12 Bernard took to his heels and escaped to Septimania. His brother Herbert was captured, blinded, and imprisoned in Italy. When Lothair had taken over the government, he held his father and Charles in free custody. He ordered monks to keep Charles company; they were to get him used to the monastic life and urge him to take it up himself.
  But the state of the empire grew worse from day to day, since all were driven by greed and sought only their own advantage. On account of this the monks we have mentioned above, as well as other men who deplored what had happened, began to question Louis to see if he were willing to reconstruct the government and stand behind it if the kingdom were restored to him. Above all he was to promote religious worship, by which all order is protected and preserved. Since he readily accepted this, his restoration was quickly agreed upon. Louis chose Guntbald, a monk, and secretly sent him to his sons Pepin and Louis. Guntbald went ostensibly on religious business, but he promised that Louis would increase the kingdom of both Pepin and Louis if they would assist the men who wanted him back on the throne. The [Nijmegen Oct. 830] promise of more land made them only too eager to comply. An assembly was convoked, the queen and her brothers were returned to Louis, and the whole people submitted again to his rule. Then those [Aachen Feb. 831] who had been on Lothair’s side were taken before the general assembly and either condemned to death or, if their lives were spared, sent into exile by Lothair himself. Lothair also had to be content with Italy alone and was permitted to go there only on the condition that in the future he would not attempt anything in the kingdom against his father’s will.
  When matters rested at this and there seemed to be a moment’s respite, the monk Guntbald, whom we mentioned above, immediately wanted to be second in the empire because he had done so much for Louis’ restoration. But Bernard, who had formerly held this position, as I said before, tried eagerly to regain it. Also Pepin and Louis, although their kingdoms had been enlarged as promised, nevertheless both tried hard to be first in the empire after their father. But those who were in charge of the government at that time resisted their desires.
[833]  At the same time Aquitaine was taken from Pepin and given to Charles, and the nobility which was on King Louis’ side did homage to Charles. This event infuriated the malcontents whom I mentioned. They let it be known that the government was poorly run and incited the people to demand fair rule. They freed Wala, Helisachar, Mathfrid, and the others who had been sent into exile and urged Lothair to seize power. Under the same pretext and by continual petitions, they also won over to their side Gregory, pontiff of the supreme Roman See, so that his authority would help them do what they planned.
  The emperor with all his forces confronted the three kings, his sons, with their immense army, and Pope Gregory with his entire Roman entourage. They all gathered in Alsace and set up camps at Mount Siegwald. By  promising various favors the sons prevailed upon the people to defect from their father. After most of his men [30 June] had fled Louis was eventually captured. His wife was taken from him and sent into exile to Lombardy, and Charles was held with his father under close guard.
  Pope Gregory, filled with regret over his journey, returned to Rome later than he had planned. Lothair had seized the empire again, but what he had so unjustly and easily won, he justly lost again even more easily, the second time around. Pepin and Louis saw that Lothair intended to seize the whole empire and make them his inferiors, and they resented his schemes. Hugo, Lambert, and Mathfrid also disagreed as to which of them should be second in the empire after Lothair. They began to quarrel, and, since each of them looked out for his own, they entirely neglected the government. When the people saw that, they were distressed. Shame and regret filled the sons for having twice deprived their father of his dignity, and the people [Feb. 834] for having twice deserted the emperor. Therefore, they all now agreed on his restoration and headed for St.-Denis, where Lothair was then holding his father and Charles.
  Seeing that this flare-up was more than he could deal with, Lothair took up arms before the others had assembled, released his father and Charles, and hurried by forced marches to Vienne. When the emperor was returned to them, a large number of men present were ready to use force in support of the father against the son. They flocked with the bishops and the whole clergy into the basilica of St.-Denis, offered praise to God in all piety, placed crown and arms upon their king, and then assembled to deliberate on the remaining matters.
  Louis refrained from pursuing Lothair, but sent envoys after him who were to order him to leave promptly across the Alps. When Pepin came to him, Louis received him graciously, thanked him for what he had done toward his restoration, and allowed him to return to Aquitaine as Pepin requested. There was a gathering of the emperor’s vassals who used to run the government and had fled. With these men he marched quickly to Aachen to spend the winter there. Finally, his son Louis came to him. The emperor received him joyfully and told him to stay with him for his protection.
  When in the meantime those who guarded Judith in Italy heard that Lothair had fled and Louis ruled the empire, they seized Judith and escaped. They arrived safely at Aachen and delivered her as a welcome present to the emperor. But she was not admitted to the royal bed until she had established her innocence of the offenses with which she had been charged. In the absence of an accuser she did so by an oath taken with her kinsmen before the people.23
[834] At this time Mathfrid, Lambert, and the others of Lothair’s party were in the Breton March. Wido and all the men between the Seine and Loire were dispatched to drive them out. They assembled in a large force. The small number of Lothair’s men put them at a great disadvantage, but at least they moved as one man. Wido’s large army made him and his men secure but quarrelsome and disorganized. No wonder they fled when it came to battle. Wido was slain as well as Odo, Vivian, Fulbert, and an uncounted number of the people. The victors hastily informed Lothair of this, urging him to come to their assistance with an army as fast as he could. Lothair gladly complied and came with a large force to Chalon, laid siege to the city, and [June 834] stormed it for three days. After he had finally captured the place, he burned the city and its churches. He ordered Gerberga to be drowned in the Saône like a witch and Gozhelm and Senila to be beheaded. But he granted Warin his life, forcing him to swear he would support Lothair in the future with all his might.
  Lothair and his men were in high spirits because of their two successful battles and hoped for an easy conquest of the whole empire. They marched to the city of Orléans to deliberate on unsettled business. Upon hearing this the emperor assembled a strong army in Francia. With the aid of Louis and all his men on the far side of the Rhine, he set out to take revenge for the great crime committed by his son against the empire. Hoping that he might cause the Franks to defect as before, Lothair decided on a direct confrontation. So the two forces met and pitched camp by a river near the village of Chouzy. But the Franks were sorry that they had deserted their emperor twice, and considered it shameful to commit the same act again. They spurned any attempt to make them defect. Lothair saw [Aug. 834] that this was no time for either flight or fight and finally gave up the struggle. First it was agreed that within a stipulated number of days he would cross the Alps and in the future not dare to enter the territory of Francia or make a move without his father’s consent. Lothair and his men swore that they would keep these promises.
[835/36]  When these matters had been settled, the father ruled the empire with his former advisers. He realized that as long as he lived the people would not desert him, as had been their habit before. He [837/38] convoked an assembly at Aachen in winter and gave Charles a part of the kingdom bounded in the following way: from the sea along the borders of Saxony as far as the borders of the Ripuarians, all of Frisia; in the lands of the Ripuarians the counties of Moilla, Haettra, Hammolant, and Maasgau; the whole land between the Meuse and Seine as far as Burgundy with the county of Verdun, and in Burgundy the counties of Toul, Ornois, Blois, Blasois, Perthois, the two counties of Bar; the counties of Brienne, Troyes, Auxerre, Sens, Gatinais, Melun, Étampes, Chatres, and Paris; and then along the Seine as far as the ocean and along the coast as far as Frisia all bishoprics, abbeys, counties, royal estates, and everything within the above boundaries and all that went with them, wherever it was located and was known to belong to the emperor. He gave this to his son Charles with all divine and paternal authority and implored the mercy of Almighty God that it remain in his hands.
[838]  Hilduin, abbot of the church of St-Denis, and Gerard, count of the city of Paris, and all others living within this territory came together and took an oath of fealty to Charles. When Lothair and Louis heard of this they were very much annoyed and arranged a conference. During their meeting they saw that there was no adequate excuse for being angry about anything that had happened. They shrewdly concealed that they intended to do anything against their father’s will and broke up. This meeting raised a storm, but it subsided quickly. The emperor then came to Quierzy about the middle of September and easily suppressed another revolt. He conferred arms and crown upon Charles as well as a part of the kingdom between Seine and Loire. He also reconciled Pepin and Charles, at least to all appearances; then he graciously permitted Pepin to return to Aquitaine and sent Charles into the part of the kingdom he had given him. On Charles’s arrival all inhabitants of those lands came to commend themselves to him and swear fealty.
[839]  It was then announced that Louis had revolted against his father and intended to seize the entire part of the kingdom on the far side of the Rhine. When his father heard what he was doing, he came to Mainz, where he convoked an assembly, crossed the Rhine with his army, and forced Louis to flee into Bavaria. Then he returned jubilantly to Aachen, since by God’s will he had the victory wherever he turned. Louis was getting old and his mind was beginning to falter because of his many troubles. Queen Judith and those nobles who were working for Charles, as Louis wished them to, feared that the hatred of the brothers would pursue them until death if the emperor died without settling his affairs. For this reason they thought it wise for Louis to secure the support of one of his sons and that at least this son and Charles could work together and resist the malcontents if the others were unwilling to preserve harmony after their father’s death.
  Since the matter was urgent, they discussed it day and night until they came to the unanimous decision that an alliance be made with Lothair if he proved trustworthy. For Lothair, as I said earlier, had sworn at one time before father, mother, and Charles that the emperor should give Charles whichever part of the kingdom he wished. Lothair promised that he would agree to the decision and protect Charles against all enemies as long as he lived. This oath encouraged Charles’s partisans to choose emissaries and send them to Lothair in Italy. They promised that all his crimes against Louis would be forgiven and the whole kingdom except Bavaria divided between himself and Charles, if he would enforce his father’s will regarding Charles from now on. Since this arrangement seemed acceptable to Lothair and his men, both parties swore to their good intentions and pledged to carry them out.
  Accordingly they all came to Worms where an assembly had [30 May 839] been convoked. At this assembly Lothair humbly fell at his father’s feet in the presence of all and said: “I know, Lord Father, that I have sinned before God and you. I don’t ask for your kingdom but for your forgiveness and that I may be worthy of your grace.” Louis behaved like a pious and mild father. He forgave the petitioner for what he had done and granted him his grace, if he would never again injure Charles or the kingdom against his father’s will. Louis kindly raised and kissed him and thanked God for the lost son with whom he had been reconciled. Then they went to dine together, postponing until the next day talks on the other matters which they had sworn they would discuss. On the next day they began their conference. As he wished to carry out what his emissaries had sworn, the father said: “Look, my son, as I promised, the whole kingdom is lying before you; divide it as you please. If you divide it, Charles shall have the choice of the parts. But if we divide it, the choice will be yours.”
  For three days Lothair tried to divide the empire but was not at all able to do so. He then sent Joseph and Richard to his father asking that Louis and his men should divide the kingdom and he be granted the choice of the parts. They assured the king’s party by the oath they had already sworn that the only reason Lothair would not divide the kingdom was his ignorance of the land. Therefore, the father with his men divided the whole kingdom, except Bavaria, as equally as possible. Lothair and his men chose the part east of the Meuse and received it immediately. He agreed that the western part should be conferred on Charles and announced with his father before the whole people that they wished things to be settled in this way. Then the father reconciled the brothers as best he could, fervently imploring them to love each other. He also begged them with many exhortations to protect one another, professing that nothing in the world meant more to him.
[July 839]
  When all this was settled, the father graciously and peaceably sent Lothair to Italy, enriched by the grace of his forbearance and the gift of the kingdom. He reminded Lothair how often he had broken the oaths he had so frequently sworn to his father, and how often Louis had forgiven him his offenses. He warned Lothair, entreating him fervently not to break those agreements which they had recently made and which he had confirmed as his will before all the people.
  At the same time the father received the news that Pepin had died.  There were some who waited to see what Louis would order to be done about his grandsons’ share in the kingdom. But others seized Pepin’s eldest son, also named Pepin, and set up an unlawful regime. On this account the emperor settled his business with Lothair as reported and then went with Charles and his mother by way of Chalon to Clermont. There he graciously received those who waited for him. Since he had once given Aquitaine to Charles, he advised and even commanded the Aquitanians to do homage to his son. They all did homage and swore fealty to him. After this the emperor sought for ways to curb the usurpers.
  At this very time Louis, as usual, came out of Bavaria and invaded Alamannia, accompanied by a number of Thuringians and Saxons whom he had stirred up. This event called the emperor from Aquitaine, and he left Charles with his mother at Poitiers, celebrated holy Easter at Aachen, and then continued his march to Thuringia. After his son Louis had been driven back the emperor forced him to buy his way through the land of the Slavs and to flee to Bavaria. When this conflict was settled the emperor convoked an assembly at the city of Worms, for July 1, to which he summoned his son Lothair from Italy to talk about Louis with himself and other trusted men.
[20 June 840] When things had come to this pass, with Lothair in Italy, Louis on the far side of the Rhine, and Charles in Aquitaine, Emperor Louis, their father, died on an island near Mainz on June 20. His brother Drogo, bishop and archchaplain, buried him with due honors at St. Arnulf’s in his city of Metz in the presence of bishops, abbots, and counts. Louis lived for sixty-four years, ruled Aquitaine for thirty-seven years, and held the imperial title for twenty-seven years and six months.39
4. The sisters were Gisela and Bertha, Nithard’s mother, who took the veil at St.-Riquier. The three sons mentioned here were illegitimate sons; Drogo became abbot of Luxeuil in 820 and bishop of Metz in 823 (see RFA, s.a. 823); he died in 855. Hugo became abbot of St.-Quentin and died in 844. Theodoric was born in 810. All were tonsured in 818.
12. At a general assembly at Compiègne in May 830, which was dominated by Lothair, Louis the Pious admitted his guilt, consigned his controversial spouse to the nunnery of Saint-Croix at Poitiers, and promised to rule in the future with the better counsel of his vassals. Louis remained emperor in name only; Lothair was again co-emperor and now the real ruler. Louis was held in honorable captivity, probably in St.-Midard’s at Soissons, but was able to influence affairs.
23. Judith was brought back to Francia not by her guards but by supporters of Louis the Pious; Simson, II, 101-2. Judith purged herself after the general assembly of Aix-la-Chapelle in 831; there had been no further charges of this kind in 833;
39. Louis actually died in his sixty-third year, ruled Aquitaine for almost thirty-three years, and was emperor for twenty-six years and nine months. The island on which he died was Petersaue in the Rhine; 
 
The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 17 pp28-9 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1911)
  LOUIS I. (778-840), surnamed the “Pious,” Roman emperor, third son of the emperor Charlemagne and his wife Hildegarde, was born at Chasseneuil in central France, and crowned king of Aquitaine in 781. He received a good education; but as his tastes were ecclesiastical rather than military, the government of his kingdom was mainly conducted by his counsellors. Louis, however, gained sound experience in warfare in the defence of Aquitaine, shared in campaigns against the Saxons and the Avars, and led an army to Italy in 792. In 794 or 795 he married Irmengarde, daughter of Ingram, count of Haspen. After the deaths of his two elder brothers, Louis, at his father’s command, crowned himself co-emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 11th of September 813, and was formally associated in the government of the Empire, of which he became sole ruler, in the following January. He earned the surname of “Pious” by banishing his sisters and others of immoral life from court; by attempting to reform and purify monastic life; and by showing great liberality to the church. In October 816 he was crowned emperor at Reims by Pope Stephen IV.; and at Aix in July 817, he arranged for a division of his Empire among his sons. This was followed by a revolt of his nephew, Bernard, king of Italy; but the rising was easily suppressed, and Bernard was mutilated and killed. The emperor soon began to repent of this cruelty, and when his remorse had been accentuated by the death of his wife in 818, he pardoned the followers of Bernard and restored their estates, and in 822 did public penance at Attigny. In 819 he married Judith, daughter of Welf I., count of Bavaria, who in 823 bore him a son Charles, afterwards called the Bald. Judith made unceasing efforts to secure a kingdom for her child; and with the support of her eldest step-son Lothair, a district was carved out for Charles in 829. Discontent at this arrangement increased to the point of rebellion, which broke out the following year, provoked by Judith’s intrigues with Bernard, count of Barcelona, whom she had installed as her favourite at court. Lothair and his brother Pippin joined the rebels, and after Judith had been sent into a convent and Bernard had fled to Spain, an assembly was held at Compiègne, when Louis was practically deposed and Lothair became the real ruler of the Empire. Sympathy was, however, soon aroused for the emperor, who was treated as a prisoner, and a second assembly was held at Nimwegen in October 830 when, with the concurrence of his sons Pippin and Louis, he was restored to power and Judith returned to court.
  Further trouble between Pippin and his father led to the nominal transfer of Aquitaine from Pippin to his brother Charles in 831. The emperor’s plans for a division of his dominions then led to a revolt of his three sons. Louis met them in June 833 near Kolmar, but owing possibly to the influence of Pope Gregory IV., who took part in the negotiations, he found himself deserted by his supporters, and the treachery and falsehood which marked the proceedings gave to the place the name of Lügenfeld, or the “field of lies.” Judith, charged with infidelity, was again banished; Louis was sent into the monastery of St Medard at Soissons; and the government of the Empire was assumed by his sons. The emperor was forced to confess his sins, and declare himself unworthy of the throne, but Lothair did not succeed in his efforts to make his father a monk. Sympathy was again felt for Louis, and when the younger Louis had failed to induce Lothair to treat the emperor in a more becoming fashion, he and Pippin took up arms on behalf of their father. The result was that in March 834 Louis was restored to power at St Denis; Judith once more returned to his side and the kingdoms of Louis and Pippin were increased. The struggle with Lothair continued until the autumn, when he submitted to the emperor and was confined to Italy. To make the restoration more complete, a great assembly at Diedenhofen declared the deposition of Louis to have been contrary to law, and a few days later he was publicly restored in the cathedral of Metz. In December 838 Pippin died, and a new arrangement was made by which the Empire, except Bavaria, the kingdom of Louis, was divided between Lothair, now reconciled to his father, and Charles. The emperor was returning from suppressing a revolt on the part of his son Louis, provoked by this disposition, when he died on the 20th of June 840 on an island in the Rhine near Ingelheim. He was buried in the church of St Arnulf at Metz. Louis was a man of strong frame, who loved the chase, and did not shrink from the hardships of war. He was, however, easily influenced and was unequal to the government of the Empire bequeathed to him by his father. No sustained effort was made to ward off the inroads of the Danes and others, who were constantly attacking the borders of the Empire. Louis, who is also called Le Débonnaire, counts as Louis I., king of France.
  See Annales Fuldenses; Annales Bertiniani; Thegan, Vita Hludowici; the Vita Hiudowici attributed to Astronomus; Ermoldus Nigellus, In honorem Hludowici imperatoris; Nithard, Hisloriarum libri, all in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriplores, Bände i. and ii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mühlbacher, Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern (Innsbruck, 1881); and Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern (Stuttgart, 1886); B. Simson, Jahrbücher des fränkischen Reichs unter Ludwig dem Frommen (Leipzig, 1874-1876); and E. Dümmler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches (Leipzig, 1887-1888).      (A. W. H.*)

Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard p69 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
  [813] XXX. Towards the close of his life, when he was broken by ill-health and old age, he summoned Lewis, King of Aquitania, his only surviving son by Hildegard, and gathered together all the chief men of the whole kingdom of the Franks in a solemn assembly. He appointed Lewis, with their unanimous consent, to rule with himself over the whole kingdom, and constituted him heir to the imperial name; then, placing the diadem upon his son’s head, he bade him be proclaimed Emperor and Augustus.

Death: 20 June 840 on the island of Petersaue in the Rhine near Ingelheim.
Annales Fuldensium Pars Tertia in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 1 p362 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1826)
  Anno 840
... Post pascha auten imperator, collecto exercitu, filium per Thuringiam usque ad terminos barbarorum persequitur, exclusumque a finibus regni per Sclavorum terram cum magno labore in Baioariam redire compellit. Ipse vero, rebus in partibus illis ordinatis, ad Salz villam regiam reversus, dies letaniarum et ascensionis Domini sollempnia celebravit. In ipsa autem vigilia ascensionis Domini hoc est 4. Id. Mai. eclipsis solis circa septimam et octavam horam diei facta est tam valida, ut etiam stellae propter obscuritatem solis visae sint, rebusque color in terris mutaretur. Imperator vero illis diebus morbo correptus, aegrotare coepit, et per Moenum fluvium navigio ad Franconofurt, inde post dies paucos in insulam quandam Rheni fluvium prope Ingilenheim delatus, morbo invalescente, 12. Kal. Iulii diem ultimum clausit: corpusque eius Mettis civitatem perlatum, in basilica sancti Arnulfi confessoris honorifice sepultum est. 
This roughly translates as:
In the year 840 ... After Easter, however, the emperor, having gathered an army, pursued his son through Thuringia to the borders of the barbarians, and, being expelled from the borders of the kingdom through the land of the Slavs, with great difficulty compelled him to return to Bavaria. But he himself, having arranged matters in those parts, returned to the royal villa of Salz, and celebrated the day of the litanies and the solemnity of the Lord's Ascension. But on the very vigil of the Lord's Ascension, that is, the 4th day of the Ides of May [12 May], the eclipse of the sun became so great at about the seventh and eighth hours of the day, that even the stars were visible because of the darkness of the sun, and the color of things on earth was changed. But in those days the emperor, seized with illness, began to fall ill, and was taken by ship by the river Moen to Franconfurt, from there a few days later to a certain island in the river Rhine near Ingilenheim. As the illness grew worse, he closed his last day on the 12th day of the Kalends of July [20 June]: and his body was carried to the city of Metz, and was honorably buried in the basilica of St. Arnulf the Confessor.

Tomb of Louis the Pious
The tomb of Louis the Pious before its destruction in the French Revolution
steel engraving dated 1838, posted on wikipedia
Buried: in the abbey of St Arnulf at Metz

Louis's tomb was largely destroyed during the French Revolution, but the remaining part is conserved in the museum of Metz.

Sources:

Louis II "the Stammerer"

Louis II in the Chronicon Universale
Depiction of Louis II in the Carolingian Family Tree in the Chronicon Universale, created in the 12th century.
posted on wikipedia
Birth: 1 November 846

Father: Charles II "the Bald"

Mother: Ermentrude of Orléans

Married (1st): Ansgarde of Burgundy in 862

Ansgarde was the daughter of Hardouin of Burgundy. Louis married Ansgarde against the will of his father and later repudiated her, seeking an annulment.

Children:
Married (2nd): Adelaide

Reginonis Chronicon in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 1 p590 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1826)
[878] Paucis interiectis diebus, Hludowicus rex, filius Caroli, qui Balbus appellabatur, eo quod impeditioris et tradioris esset eloquii, ab hac luce subtractus est. Fuit vero iste princeps vir simplex ac mitis, pacis, iustitiae et religionis amator. Habuit autem, cum adhuc iuvenilis aetatis flore polleret, quandam nobilem puellam nomine Ansgard sibi coniugii foedere copulatam, ex qua duos liberos suscepit elegantis formae ac ingentis animi virtute praestantes: horum unus Hludowicus, alter Carlomannus vocabatur. Sed quia hanc sine genitoris conscientia et voluntatis consensu suis amplexibus sociaverat, ab ipso patre ei postmodum est interdicta, et interposito iurisiurandi sacramento, ab eius consortio in perpetuum separata. Tradita est autem eidem ab eodem patre Adalheidis in matrimonium, quam gravidam ex se reliquit idem rex cum obiret; quae tempore pariendi expleto, enixa est puerum, cui nomen avi imposuit, eumque Carolum vocitari fecit.
This roughly translates as:
[878] A few days later, King Louis, the son of Charles, who was called the Babbler, because he was more difficult and more eloquent, was taken from this world. This prince was a simple man and a lover of peace, justice and religion. He had, while still in the prime of his youth, a certain noble girl named Ansgard, who was united to him by a marriage contract, by whom he had two children, distinguished by their elegant form and great strength of mind: one of whom was called Louis, the other Carloman. But because he had associated her with his embraces without the knowledge and consent of his parents, she was afterwards forbidden by her father, and, having sworn an oath, was separated from his company forever. She was given to him by the same father in marriage to Adelheid, whom the same king left pregnant by him when he died; and when the time of childbirth was over, she gave birth to a boy, to whom he gave the name of his grandfather, and had him called Charles.

Children:
Penny from the reign of Louis II
A denier, or penny, from the reign of Louis II, struck in the city of Visé.
It is inscribed "+ HVDOVVICVS PEX" on the obverse and "+ H VICO VIOSATO" on the reverse.
posted on wikipedia
Louis II the Stammerer seal
A wax seal of Louis II the Stammerer, dated 1 January 879 (Archives Nationales, Paris K15 no. 1). His contemporary likeness on the bust in the seal has sadly not really survived.
photograph by Genevra Kornbluth posted on Kornbluth Photograph
Occupation: King of Aquitaine from 866 and king of West Francia from October 877.

Louis became king of Aquitaine after the death of his elder brother Charles in 866, and in October 877 he succeeded his father as king of West Francia and king of West Lotharingia, although he did not inherit his father's title of emperor. He was crowned at Compiègne on 8 December 877 and at Troyes on 7 September 878 by Pope John VIII.

Notes:
Louis II "the Stammerer"
Louis II "the Stammerer"
The illustration is titled "LVDOVICVS BALBVS CAR. CALVI. F" i.e. Louis "the Stammerer" son of Charles "the Bald"
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p228 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p227 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
LVDOVICVS BALBVS Imperator, & Franciæ Rex; Brabantiæ, & Lotharingiæ tertius Dux. Duobus ingentibus prælijs deuicit Normannos, nec tamen Gallia pellere potuit, neque prohibere quin vaſtarint omnem Belgiam, Picardiam, Flandriam, Brabátiam, Hollandiam, & circumiacentes regiones ad Rhenum Coloniam vſque. Obijt ſecundo regni ſui anno, relicta vxore prægnante: quæ pòſt enixa eſt prolem maſculam, anno IↃ.CCCCXVI.
Vxores.
  Prior vxor dicta fuit Ausgarda, quam tradunt quidam ſuiſſe Hiſpaniarum Regis filiam.
  Richildis altera eius coniux filia Regis Angliæ: alij volunt hanc ſuiſſe filiam Regis Hiſpaniarum.
Filivs.
  Carolus cognomine Simplex, poſtumus.
  Ludouicus, & Carlomanus BALBI ex pellice filij, teſte Paulo Æmilio, qui CAROLI Simplicis tutores primi fuere: mox Carolus Craſſus, Otto Rex, Arnulphus Imp. & Ludouicus., IↃ.CCCCLV.
This roughly translates as:
LOUIS BALBUS, emperor and king of France; third duke of Brabant and Lotharingia. He defeated the Normans in two great battles, but he could not drive them out of Gaul, nor prevent them from ravaging all Belgium, Picardy, Flanders, Brabant, Holland, and the surrounding regions as far as Cologne on the Rhine. He died in the second year of his reign, leaving a pregnant wife: who later gave birth to a male child, in the year 916.
Wives.
  His first wife was called Ausgarda, whom some say was the daughter of the king of the Spanish kingdom.
  His second wife was Richilda, daughter of the king of England: others want her to be the daughter of the king of the Spanish kingdom.
Sons.
  Charles, surnamed Simplex, we have written.
  Louis and Carloman BALBI, sons of the pelican, according to Paul Aemilius, who were the first tutors of CHARLES Simplex: soon Charles Crassus, Otto the King, Arnulf Imp. & Ludouicus., 955

The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 17 p34 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1911)
  LOUIS II.2 (846-879), king of France, called “le Bègue” or “the Stammerer,” was a son of Charles II. the Bald, Roman emperor and king of the West Franks, and was born on the 1st of November 846. After the death of his elder brother Charles in 866 he became king of Aquitaine, and in October 877 he succeeded his father as king of the West Franks, but not as emperor. Having made extensive concessions to the nobles both clerical and lay, he was crowned king by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, on the 8th of December following, and in September 878 he took advantage of the presence of Pope John VIII. at the council of Troyes to be consecrated afresh. After a feeble and ineffectual reign of eighteen months Louis died at Compiègne on the 10th or 11th of April 879. The king is described as “un homme simple et doux, aimant la paix, la justice et la religion.” By his first wife, Ansgarde, a Burgundian princess, he had two sons, his successors, Louis III. and Carloman; by his second wife, Adelaide, he had a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who also became king of France.      (A. W. H.*)
  2 The emperor Louis I. is counted as Louis I., king of France.

Death: 11 April 879, at Compiègne, West Francia
Annales Fuldensium Pars Tertia in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 1 p392 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1826)
  Anno 879
... Hludowicus, Karoli regis filius, 3 Idus Aprilis apud Compendium obiit palatium ibique sepultus est.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 929 ... Louis, son of King Charles, died on the 3rd day of the Ides of April at the Compiègne Palace and was buried there.

Buried: Saint-Corneille Abbey, Compiègne, West Francia

Sources:

Louis IV "d'Outremer"

Louis IV of France coin
A depiction of Louis IV on a coin from his reign, struck in Chinon
photo by PHGCOM of a coin held at the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, posted on wikipedia
Birth: 918-9
Louis was aged 35 at his death in September 954 putting his birth in 918 or 919.

Father: Charles III "the Simple"

Mother: Eadgifu

Married: Gerberga of Saxony in 939
Flodoardi annales in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 3 p386 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1839)
  Anno 939
... Gislebertus dux Lothariensium, trans Rhenum profectus praedatum, Saxonibus se dum revertitur insequentibus, in Rhenum fertur desiluisse cum equo; ibique vi enecatus undarum, postea repperiri non potuit, ut fertur. Quidam tamen ferunt, quod a piscatoribus sit repertus et humatus, atque propter spoliorum ipsius ornamenta celatus.
  Ludowicus rex in regnum Lothariense regressus, relictam Gisleberti Gerbergam duxit uxorem, Othonis scilicet regis sororem.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 939 ... Gislebert, duke of Lotharingia, having set out across the Rhine to plunder, is said to have jumped into the Rhine with his horse, while the Saxons were pursuing him on his return; and there he was drowned by the force of the waves, and could not be found afterwards, as is said. Some, however, say that he was found and buried by fishermen, and hidden because of the ornaments of his spoils.
  King Louis, returning to the kingdom of Lotharingia, married Gislebert's abandoned wife, Gerberg, who was the sister of King Otto.

Children:
Occupation: King of West Francia

Notes:
After the capture  and dethronement of Charles the Simple in 923, following his defeat at the Battle of Soissons, queen Eadgifu and her infant son took refuge in England (for this he received the nickname of d'Outremer) at the court of her father king Edward, and after Edward's death, of her brother king Æthelstan. Charles died in prison in 929, making Louis the heir, but the French throne was still held by a rival royal line. When king Rudolph died in 936, Louis, still a teenager, was called back to France, a country he had never known, and crowned king.
Flodoardi annales in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 3 p383 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1839)
  Anno 936
... Brittones a transmarinis regionibus Alstani regis praesidio revertentes, terram suam repetunt. Hugo comes trans mare mittit pro accersiendo ad apicem regni suscipiendum Ludowico Karoli filio, quem rex Alstanus, avunculus ipsius accepto prius iureiurando a Francorum legatis, in Franciam cum quibusdam episcopis et aliis fidelibus suis dirigit. Cui Hugo et ceteri Francorum proceret obviam profecti, mox navim egresso in ipsis littoreis harenis apud Bononiam sese committunt, ut erat utrimque depactum. Indeque ab ipsis Laudunum deductus, ac regali benedictione ditatus, unguitur atque coronatur a domno Artoldo archiepiscopo, praesentibus regni principibus, cum episcopis viginti et amplius.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 936 ... The Britons, returning from overseas regions under the protection of king Athelstan, reclaim their land. Count Hugh sends across the sea to summon Louis, Charles' son, to assume the throne of the kingdom, whom king Athelstan, his uncle, having first taken an oath from the French ambassadors, directs to France with some bishops and other faithful. Hugh and the rest of the French court set out to meet him, and soon disembarking on a ship on the sands of the coast near Boulogne, as had been agreed on by both parties. From there, he is taken by them to Laudun, and endowed with a royal blessing, is anointed and crowned by Lord Artold, Archbishop, in the presence of the princes of the kingdom, with more than twenty bishops.

Louis ruled from 936 to 954. He was initially under the regency of Hugh the Great and he struggled to assert his independence against the man who became a powerful rival. In 942 William I Longsword the ruler of Normandy was assassinated, leaving a 10 year old heir, Richard I. Louis took advantage of the situation, "protecting" or imprisoning young Richard at Laun and putting Normandy under the regency of his ally, Herluin, count of Montreuil. Richard escaped and in 945 Louis went to Normandy where Herluin's rule was being resisted. The two were ambushed at the mouth of the river Dives on 13 July. Herluin was killed; Louis managed to escape to Rouen but the citizens there handed him over to the Normans who imprisoned him. Negotiations resulted in his released to Hugh the Great and in exchange his second son, Charles, and Guy, bishop of Soissons, were given in his place as a hostage. Charles likely died in his captivity as Louis named another son Charles in 953. Hugh placed Louis under the custody of Theobald I, count of Blois for several months after which he was released under pressure of the Frankish nobles and kings Otto I and Edmund I of England, for the generation of which Gerberga is given much credit. In return for the release of the king, Hugh demanded the surrender of Laon, leaving Louis as king, but not really in control of anything.
Les derniers Carolingiens pp4-6 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
La paix se fit à la fin de l’année 942 et fut tout à l’honneur de Louis d’Outremer. Son influence et son pouvoir pouvaient devenir très grands grâce à deux événements qui se produisirent au commencement de l’année suivante. Un de ses dangereux adversaires, Herbert II, mourut; et Guillaume de Normandie fut assassiné traîtreusement à Picquigny, dans une entrevue avec son ennemi Arnoul le Grand, comte de Flandre. La tutelle de son jeune fils, Richard, et l’administration de son duché revenaient au roi.
Tout réussit d’abord à Louis IV. Il s’installa à Rouen et écrasa la révolte des Normands païens Setrik et Turmod; puis il ramena à Laon le jeune Richard pour l’élever à sa cour. Tout changea bientôt. Louis d’Outremer, à tort ou à raison, fut soupçonné de maltraiter l’enfant et de convoiter la possession de la Normandie. Le normand Osmond, gouverneur de Richard, l’enleva secrètement de Laon, et, avec l’aide du Danois Bernard, souleva la Normandie (944). Ils appelèrent même à leur secours un puissant chef normand du nom de Harold. Celui-ci attira Louis d’Outremer à une entrevue à l’embouchure de la Dive (13 juillet 945): c’était un guetapens. Erluin, comte de Montreuil, un des plus fidèles vassaux de Louis, y fut tué avec dix-sept autres, et le roi lui-même put à grand’peine s’échapper et se réfugier à Rouen. Il n’y gagna rien; les habitants de cette ville le livrèrent à ses ennemis. Louis subissait donc le même sort que son père vingt-deux ans auparavant. Mais Charles le Simple n’avait rencontré aucun appui dans sa captivité; Louis au contraire dut beaucoup à l’activité de sa femme Gerberge qui intéressa au sort de son mari le roi de Germanie, l’Anglo-Saxon Edmond et le duc de France lui-même. Ce dernier avait une arrière-pensée; durant toute la guerre Normande, il n’avait cessé de passer du parti du roi à celui de Richard, selon ses intérêts. Il trouva le moment favorable pour recommencer le rôle d’Herbert de Vermandois vis-à-vis de Charles le Simple. Il obtint des Normands qu’ils relâchassent le roi à condition que celui-ci leur remît comme otages son second fils et l’évêque de Soissons, Guy d'Anjou. Mais le malheureux Louis IV ne sortit des mains des Normands que pour tomber entre celles de Hugues le Grand. Celui-ci, en effet, loin de lui rendre la liberté, le retint prisonnier et confia sa garde à son vassal Thibaud, comte de Chartres.
  Louis d’Outremer resta près d'un an en prison. Hugues ne consentit à le relâcher que moyennant la cession de la ville de Laon, la capitale du royaume, seule place forte qui restât au roi Carolingien. A peine délivré de captivité (1er juillet 946), Louis d’Outremer courut demander vengeance auprès d'Otton 1er son beau-frère. Réunis à Conrad, roi de Provence, ils étaient résolus à écraser les rebelles. Les trois rois, auxquels s’était joint Arnoul de Flandre, envahirent la France avec trente mille hommes, armée considérable pour l’époque, et pendant plusieurs mois (août-novembre 946), ils dévastèrent les domaines de Hugues le Grand et de Richard de Normandie. Ils prirent Reims, mais échouèrent devant Laon et Rouen.
This roughly translates as:
Peace was made at the end of 942 and was entirely to the credit of Louis d'Outremer. His influence and power could have become very great thanks to two events that occurred at the beginning of the following year. One of his dangerous adversaries, Herbert II, died; and William of Normandy was treacherously assassinated at Picquigny, during an interview with his enemy Arnoul the Great, count of Flanders. The guardianship of his young son, Richard, and the administration of his duchy reverted to the king.
  At first, everything was successful for Louis IV. He settled in Rouen and crushed the revolt of the pagan Normans Setrik and Turmod; then he brought the young Richard back to Laon to raise him at his court. Everything soon changed. Louis d'Outremer, rightly or wrongly, was suspected of mistreating the child and coveting possession of Normandy. The Norman Osmond, Richard's governor, secretly abducted him from Laon, and, with the help of the Dane Bernard, raised Normandy (944). They even called for their help a powerful Norman leader named Harold. He lured Louis d'Outremer to an interview at the mouth of the Dive (July 13, 945): it was an ambush. Erluin, count of Montreuil, one of Louis's most faithful vassals, was killed there with seventeen others, and the king himself was barely able to escape and take refuge in Rouen. He gained nothing by it; the inhabitants of this city delivered him to his enemies. Louis thus suffered the same fate as his father twenty-two years before. But Charles the Simple had found no support in his captivity; Louis, on the other hand, owed much to the activity of his wife Gerberge, who interested the king of Germany, the Anglo-Saxon Edmund, and the duke of France himself in her husband's fate. The latter had an ulterior motive; throughout the Norman War, he had continually switched sides between the king and Richard, according to his interests. He found the moment favorable to resume the role of Herbert of Vermandois vis-à-vis Charles the Simple. He obtained from the Normans the release of the king on the condition that he hand over his second son and the Bishop of Soissons, Guy of Anjou, as hostages. The unfortunate Louis IV escaped the Normans only to fall into the hands of Hugh the Great. The latter, in fact, far from granting him his freedom, held him prisoner and entrusted his custody to his vassal, Theobald, Count of Chartres.
  Louis d'Outremer remained in prison for nearly a year. Hugh only agreed to release him on condition that he surrender the city of Laon, the capital of the kingdom, the only stronghold remaining to the Carolingian king. Barely freed from captivity (July 1, 946), Louis d’Outremer ran to seek revenge from Otto I, his brother-in-law. Gathered with Conrad, King of Provence, they were determined to crush the rebels. The three kings, joined by Arnoul of Flanders, invaded France with thirty thousand men, a considerable army for the time, and for several months (August-November 946), they devastated the domains of Hugh the Great and Richard of Normandy. They took Reims, but failed before Laon and Rouen.

Louis regained much of his power in 948 when the Synod of Ingelheim excommunicated Hugh and Louis recovered Laon from Theobald I in 949. Hugh and Louis were eventually reconciled, with Hugh exercising his power in the south and Louis in the north.

Louis IV
Louis IV
The illustration is titled "LVDOVICVS SIMPLEX CAR. SIMPL. F" i.e. Louis "the Simple" son of Charles "the Simple"
illustration from Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p232 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
Dvcvm Brabantiae chronica p231 (Adrian van Baarland, 1600)
LVDOVICVS SIMPLEX Franciæ Rex, Brabantiæ Dux, & quintus inter Lotharingos: Ex Anglia, quo ſe ſub recentem patris in cuſtodiam traditi caſu contulerat, decimo tertio iam reuocatus anno, venit in Franciam, ac ſalutatur à cunctis Ordinibus Rex. Tum quinquennio à domeſticis externiſque bellis quieuit Francia. Tandem, deficiente ab eo Hugone Capeto Comite Pariſienſi, capitur; ſed opera Ottonis Imperatoris priſtinæ reſtituitur libertati: duxerat namque ſororem Ottonis in coniugem. Moriens vndecimo regni ſui anno liberos reliquit Lotharium & Carolum. Lotharius Franciæ, Carolus Lotharingiæ & Brabantiæ poſſeſſionem accepit anno IↃ.CCCCLXVI.
Vxor.
  Geerberga filia Henrici Regis Saxoniæ, Ottonis Imperatoris ſoror.
Filii.
  Lotharius Franciæ Rex, ex quo genitus eſt Lodouicus vltimus Rex è ſtirpe Caroli Magni.
  Carolus, Lotharingiæ & Brabantiæ Dux.
This roughly translates as:
LOUIS THE SIMPLE, king of France, duke of Brabant, and fifth among the Lotharingians: From England, where he had recently been placed under the custody of his father, and in the thirteenth year, having been recalled, he came to France, and was hailed as king by all the Orders. Then France was at peace for five years from domestic and foreign wars. Finally, when Hugh Capet, count of Paris, failed to appear before him, he was captured; but by the work of Emperor Otto he was restored to his former freedom: for he had married Otto's sister. Dying in the eleventh year of his reign, he left children, Lothar and Charles. Lothar of France, Charles received possession of Lotharingia and Brabant in the year 966.
Wife.
  Gerberga, daughter of Henry, king of Saxony, sister of Emperor Otto.
Sons.
  Lothar, king of France, from whom was born Louis, the last king of the line of Charlemagne.
  Charles, Duke of Lotharingia and Brabant.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 17 pp34-5 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1911)
  LOUIS IV. (921-954), king of France, surnamed “d’Outremer” (Transmarinus), was the son of Charles III. the Simple. In consequence of the imprisonment of his father in 922, his mother Odgiva (Eadgyfu), sister of the English king Æthelstan, fled to England with the young Louis—a circumstance to which he owes his surname. On the death of the usurper Rudolph (Raoul), Ralph of Burgundy, Hugh the Great, count of Paris, and the other nobles between whom France was divided, chose Louis for their king, and the lad was brought over from England and consecrated at Laon on the 19th of June 936. Although his de facto sovereignty was confined to the town of Laon and to some places in the north of France, Louis displayed a zeal beyond his years in procuring the recognition of his authority by his turbulent vassals. The beginning of his reign was marked by a disastrous irruption of the Hungarians into Burgundy and Aquitaine (937). In 939 Louis became involved in a struggle with the emperor Otto the Great on the question of Lorraine, the nobles of which district had sworn an oath of fidelity to the king of France. When Louis married Gerberga, sister of Otto, and widow of Giselbert, duke of Lorraine, there seemed to be a fair prospect of peace; but the war was resumed, Otto supporting the rebel lords of the kingdom of France, and peace was not declared until 942, at the treaty of Visé-sur-Meuse. On the death of William Longsword, duke of Normandy, who had been assassinated by Arnulf, count of Flanders, in December 942, Louis endeavoured to obtain possession of the person of Richard, the young son and heir of the late duke. After an unsuccessful expedition into Normandy, Louis fell into the hands of his adversaries, and was for some time kept prisoner at Rouen (945), and subsequently handed over to Hugh the Great, who only consented to release him on condition that he should surrender Laon. Menaced, however, by Louis’ brother-in-law, Otto the Great, and excommunicated by the council of Ingelheim (948), the powerful vassal was forced to make submission and to restore Laon to his sovereign. The last years of the reign were troubled by fresh difficulties with Hugh the Great and also by an irruption of the Hungarians into the south of France. Louis died on the 10th of September 954, and was succeeded by his son Lothair.
  The chief authority for the reign is the chronicler Flodoard. See also Ph. Lauer, La Règne de Louis IV d’Outre-Mer (Paris, 1900); and A. Heil, Die politischen Beziehungen zwischen Otto dem Grossen und Ludwig IV. von Frankreich (Berlin, 1904).      (R. Po.)

Death: 10 September 954, in Reims, West Francia, from complications after falling from his horse.
Flodoardi annales in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 3 p402 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1839)
  Anno 954
... Ludowicus rex egressus Lauduno, Remensem, velut ibi moraturus, repetit urbem. Antequam vero ad Axonam fluvium perveniret, apparuit ei quasi lupus praecedens; quem admisso insecutus equo, prolabitur, graviterque attritus Remos defertur, et protracto langore decubans, elefantiasi peste perfunditur. Quo morbo confectus, diem clausit extremum, sepultusque est apud sanctum Remigium.
This roughly translates as:
In the year 954... King Louis, having left Laudun, returned to the city of Reims, as if intending to stay there. But before he reached the river Axon, a wolf appeared to him as if going ahead of him; he pursued him on horseback, fell, and, severely bruised, was carried to Reims, and lying down with prolonged languor, was stricken with the plague of elephantiasis. Consumed by this disease, he closed his last days and was buried at the house of Saint Remy.

Richeri Historiarum Liber Primus in Richer: Histoire de son temps pp274-6 (ed. J. Gaudet, 1845)
Ludovicus vero rex Remos rediens, cum fluvio Axonæ propinquaret, per campestria lupum præire conspicit. Quem equo emisso insecutus, per devia exagitat. Ad omnes feræ declinationes equum impatiens obvertebat, nec quiescere paciebatur, donec equestri certamine fugientem evinceret. Equus ergo per invia coactus, cespite offendit atque prolabitur. Rex vero gravissime attritus casu, et a suis exceptas, cum raulto omnium merore, Remos deportatur. Infestis itaque doloribus toto corpore vexabatur. Et post diutinam valetudinem corruptis interius visceribus ob humorum superfluitatem, elefanciasi peste, toto miserabiliter corpore perfunditur. Qua diutius confectus, anno regni sui 18, a natu autem 36 diem vitæ clausit extremum, sepultusque est in cœnobio monachorum sancti Remigii, quod distat fere miliario uno ab urbe, cum multis omnium lamentis.
This roughly translates as:
  But King Louis, returning to Remus, when he was approaching the river Axona, saw a wolf running through the plains. He sent out his horse and chased it through the defiles. He impatiently turned the horse at every turn of the beast, and would not let it rest until he had overpowered the fleeing one, by horse combat. The horse, therefore, being forced through the impassable roads, stumbled upon the turf and fell. The king, however, was very seriously injured by the fall, and was carried to Remus by his companions, with the great sorrow of all. From this he was tormented by incessant pains throughout his body. And after a long illness, his internal organs having been corrupted by the excess of humors, he was miserably stricken with the plague of elephantiasis. Worn out by this longer, in the 18th year of his reign, but in the 36th year of his age, he closed the last day of his life, and was buried in the monastery of the monks of St. Remigius, which is about one mile from the city, with much lamentation from all.

Les derniers Carolingiens p8 (Ferdinand Lot, 1891)
  Au commencement du mois de septembre 954, Louis d'Outremer se rendait à cheval de Laon à Reims; il était déjà arrivé non loin de l’Aisne quand il crut apercevoir un loup devant lui. Il pressa son cheval; l’animal surmené s’abattit, et dans sa chute le roi se blessa grièvement. On le transporta à Reims où il ne tarda pas à expirer, entouré de sa femme, de ses enfants et d’Hincmar, abbé de Saint-Rémy de Reims (10 septembre 954). — Sa mort avait été si imprévue qu’il ne semble pas qu’aucun grand ait assisté à ses funérailles. Sur son désir il fut enterré à Saint-Rémy de Reims, à droite du maître-autel.
This roughly translates as:
  At the beginning of September 954, Louis d'Outremer was riding from Laon to Reims; he was not far from Aisne when he thought he saw a wolf in front of him. He urged his horse on; the overworked animal fell, and in its fall the king was seriously injured. He was transported to Reims where he soon expired, surrounded by his wife, his children and Hincmar, the abbot of Saint-Rémy de Reims (September 10, 954). — His death was so unexpected that it does not appear that any nobleman attended his funeral. At his request, he was buried at Saint-Rémy de Reims, to the right of the high altar.

Buried: Saint-Rémy de Reims, to the right of the high altar.

Louis's tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution.

Sources:

Pepin the Short

Closeup of the effigy on Pepin's tomb
Closeup of the effigy on Pepin's tomb in the basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris
photograph © Jean-Christophe Ballot - Centre des monuments nationaux, posted in "Pépin the Short (751-758) and Bertrada (726-783)" on seine-saint-denis tourisme
Pepin the Short
 A miniature of Pepin he Short, by an unknown artist, in the manuscript Imperial Chronicle (Anonymi chronica imperatorum), Corpus Christi College MS 373, fol. 14 dated circa 1113
posted on wikipedia
Father: Charles Martel

Mother: Rotrude

Married: Bertrada

Annales Laurissenses in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 1 pp136-7 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1826)
    749.
… Pippinus coniugem duxit Bertradam cognomine Bertam, Cariberti Laudunensis comitis filiam
…11) Pippinus uxorem ante a. 742 duxerat, quo Carolum M. natum fuisse comperimus
This roughly translates as:
749.
… Pippin married Bertrada, also called Berta, daughter of Charibert, count of Laon
…11) Pippin had married before 742, when we learn that Charles M. was born

Children:
Coin from the reign of Pepin the Short
A denier, or penny, from the reign of Pepin the Short, minted at Lyon.
Obverse inscription: RP. [Pepin roi]. Reverse inscription: LVG. [Lyon].
photo by cgb.fr posted on wikipedia
Occupation: king of the Franks

Pepin was majores palatii, or mayor of the palace, a powerful position behind the throne of the figurehead Frankish king Childeric, from 741 to 751, and then king of the Franks from 751 to 768

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations p102 (trans. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, 1960)
It now happened that with the consent and advice of all the Franks the most excellent Pippin submitted a proposition to the Apostolic See, and having first obtained its sanction, was made king, and Bertrada queen. In accordance with that order anciently required, he was chosen king by all the Franks, consecrated by the bishops and received the homage of the great men.

Notes:
The Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition vol 21 p636 (ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1911)
  PIPPIN III. (d. 768), the Short,1 was son of Charles Martel. Before his death in 741 Charles Martel had divided the Frankish kingdom between his two sons, Carloman and Pippin, giving Carloman the eastern part and Pippin the western. Since 737 there had been no king in the Frankish realm; in the diplomas the two brothers bear the title of majores palatii, while the chroniclers call them simply principes. In 743, however, the mayors decided to appoint a king in the person of Childeric III., who was apparently connected with the Merovingian family. But Childeric was a mere figure-head, and had no power. The two brothers presided over the tribunals, convoked the councils at which the Frankish Church was reformed, assembled the host and made war, jointly defeating and subduing Duke Hunald of Aquitaine. In 747 Carloman unexpectedly abdicated, became a monk, and retired to a monastery near Rome, subsequently founding on Mt Soracte the monastery of St Silvester. From the time of the abdication Pippin was sole master; and in 751, after consulting Pope Zacharias, he took the title of king and removed the feeble Childeric to a monastery. He then got himself crowned by St Boniface, a ceremony which was new to France and which gave the sovereign immense prestige; henceforth the king of the Franks called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum. Pippin’s reign is marked by many important events. He received in France a personal visit from Pope Stephen II., who conferred on him the title of Patrician of the Romans and recrowned him. In return for these honours Pippin, at the appeal of the pope, made two expeditions into Italy, in 754 and 756; and he became the veritable creator of the papal state by conferring on the pope the exarchate of Ravenna, which he had wrested from Aistulf, the king of the Lombards. Pippin took Septimania from the Arabs, and after a stubborn war of nearly eight years’ duration (760-68) succeeded in taking Aquitaine from its duke, Waifer. He also intervened in Germany, where he forced the duke of Bavaria, Tassilo, to become his vassal. In 763, however, Tassilo abandoned Pippin during an expedition against Aquitaine. Pippin made several expeditions against the Saxons, but failed to subdue them. He entered into relations with the Eastern Empire, exchanging ambassadors with the emperor Constantine Copronymus. During Pippin’s reign Frankish institutions underwent some modification. The Frankish assemblies, previously held in the month of March (champs de mars), but under Pippin deferred to May (champs de mai), came to be more numerous, and served the king of the Franks as a means of receiving the gifts of his subjects and of promulgating his capitularies. At the head of the administration was placed the archchaplain, and an ecclesiastical chancellor was substituted for the ancient referendarius. Ecclesiastical reform was continued under Pippin, Bishop Chrodegans of Metz uniting the clergy of Metz in a common life and creating canons (see CANON). Pippin died on the 24th of September 768 at St Denis, leaving two sons, Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman.
  See H. Bonnell, Die Anfänge des karolingischen Hauses (Berlin, 1866); H. Hahn, Jahrbücher des frankischen Reiches 741-752 (Berlin, 1863); L. Oelsner, Jahrbücher des frankischen Reiches unter König Pippin (Leipzig, 1871); J. F. Böhmer and E. Mühlbacher, Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern (2nd ed., 1899); and E. Mühlbacher, Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern (Stuttgart, 1896)     (C. PF.)
  1 A surname given to Pippin III. on the strength of a legendary anecdote related by the monk of St Gall.

Life of Charlemagne by Eginhard pp17-20 (trans. Samuel Eppes Turner, 1880)
The Mayor of the Palace took charge of the government, and of everything that had to be planned or executed at home or abroad.
  II. At the time of Childeric’s deposition, Pepin, the father of King Charles, held this office of Mayor of the Palace, one might almost say, by hereditary right; for Pepin’s father, Charles, had received it at the hands of his father, Pepin, and filled it with distinction. It was this Charles that crushed the tyrants who claimed to rule the whole Frank land as their own, and that utterly routed the Saracens, when they attempted the conquest of Gaul, in two great battles—one in Aquitania, near the town of Poitiers, and the other on the River Berre, near Narbonne—and compelled them to return to Spain. This honour was usually conferred by the people only upon men eminent from their illustrious birth and ample wealth. For some years, ostensibly under King Childeric, Pepin, the father of King Charles, shared the duties inherited from his father and grandfather most amicably with his brother, Carloman. The latter, then, for reasons unknown, renounced the heavy cares of an earthly crown and retired to Rome. Here he exchanged his worldly garb for a cowl, and built a monastery on Mt. Oreste, near the Church of St. Sylvester, where he enjoyed for several years the seclusion that he desired, in company with certain others who had the same object in view. But so many distinguished Franks made the pilgrimage to Rome to fulfil their vows, and insisted upon paying their respects to him, as their former lord, on the way, that the repose which he so much loved was broken by these frequent visits, and he was driven to change his abode. Accordingly, when he found that his plans were frustrated by his many visitors, he abandoned the mountain, and withdrew to the Monastery of St Benedict, on Monte Casino, in the province of Samnium, and passed the rest of his days there in the exercises of religion.
  III. Pepin, however, was raised, by decree of the Roman Pontiff, from the rank of Mayor of the Palace to that of King, and ruled alone over the Franks for fifteen years or more. He died of dropsy, in Paris, at Sept. 24. the close of the Aquitanian war, which he had waged with William, Duke of Aquitania, for nine successive years, and left two sons, Charles and Carlomau, upon whom, by the grace of God, the succession devolved.

Death: 24 September 768 in St Denis, Paris, from dropsy

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations pp120-1 (trans. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, 1960)
While the king was at Saintes, busying himself with affairs of national Frankish importance, he was troubled with a kind of fever and fell ill. He there appointed his counts and judges. Thence he travelled through Poitiers to the monastery of the blessed confessor Martin at the city of Tours, where he made many gifts to churches and monasteries as well as to the poor; and he sought the help of the blessed Martin as intercessor with the Lord, that He should deign to have mercy on his sins. He went on, with Queen Bertrada and his sons Charles and Carloman, to the monastery of the holy martyr Denis at Paris, and remained there some time. However, when he realised that recovery was impossible, he summoned to him all his great men, the Frankish dukes and counts, bishops and priests. Then, with the approval of the Frankish nobility and the bishops, he divided the kingdom that he himself had inherited, and while he was yet living, equally between his sons Charles and Carloman. He made Charles, the elder, king over the Austrasians,1 while the younger, Carloman, was given the kingdom of Burgundy, Provence, Septimania, Alsace and Alamannia. Aquitaine, the province which he had himself conquered, he divided between them. A few days later, I grieve to say, King Pippin breathed his last.2 His sons, King Charles and King Carloman, buried him, as he had wished, with great honour in the monastery of the holy martyr Denis. He had reigned twenty-five years.3
  1 Charles also received Neustria.
  2 24 September 768
  3 more accurately, twenty-seven years

Detail of the effigy on the tomb of Pepin the Short
Detail of the effigy on the tomb of Pepin the Short in the basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris
image from "Pepin the Short" by Igor Radulovic dated 3 September 2023 posted on CultrureFrontier
Buried: in the basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris

Sources:

Rotrude

Married: Charles Martel

Children:
Notes:

Death: 725
Annales Mosellani in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS 16 p494 (ed. G. H. Pertz, 1859)
  725 Chrothrud18 mortua.
…18) Quam fuisse uxorem Karoli atque matrem Karlomanni et Karoli discimus ex L'Art de vérifier les dates. 
This roughly translates as:
  725 Chrothrud18 died.
…18) We learn from L'Art de vérifier les dates that she was the wife of Charles and the mother of Carloman and Charles.

Sources:
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